Table 2A.
Anatomical and functional profile of glutamatergic intrinsic connectivity networks in depression.
| Intrinsic connectivity network | Key nodes | Glutamatergic edges (within-network) | Functions in depression | Connectivity in depression (within-network) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Default mode network (DMN) | mPFC/rACC PCC/RSC, PCu, IPL MTL/LTL |
Cortico-cortical Hippocampal-cingulate |
Excessive self-referential processes, maladaptive rumination | ↑ |
| Affective network (AN) | vACC/sgACC, VMPFC AMYG, HPC, INS |
Cortico-cortical Hippocampal-cingulate Amygdalo-cingulate |
Negative affect, sensitivity to negative information, dysphoria | ↑ |
| Reward network (RN) | mOFC/VMPFC BG (CN, Pu, NAc, VTA/SNc) LHb |
Cortico-striatal | Loss of pleasure, interest, motivation (anhedonia), inability to sustain positive affect | ↓ |
| Central executive network (CEN) | DLPFC, FEF SPL, IPS |
Cortico-cortical | Disrupted cognitive and executive control, impaired top-down regulation of the limbic system | ↓ |
| Salience network (SN) | dACC AI TPJ |
Cortico-cortical | Poor incentive salience, anhedonia, reduced goal-directed behavior, response selection/inhibition impairment | ↓ |
| Sensorimotor Network (SMN) | M1, SMA, S1 BG (CN, Pu, GP, STN, SNc) TH BS, CBM |
Cortico-cortical Cortico-striatal Cotrico-thalamic Thalamo-cortical Cortico-brainstem |
Psychomotor retardation, altered bodily awareness and pain perception | ↓ |
| Central autonomic network (CAN) |
HPT PAG, PBN, NTS, VLM AMYG, INS |
Cortico-brainstem Cortico-thalamic Thalamo-cortical Hippocampal-hypothalamic Amygdalo-hypothalamic |
Increased responsivity to stress, arousal, changes in cardiovascular and respiratory functions, changes in the sleep cycle, biological rhythms, libido, and appetite | ↑ |
AI, anterior insula; AMYG, amygdala; BG, basal ganglia; BS, brainstem (sensorimotor nuclei); CBM, cerebellum; CN, caudate nucleus; dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; FEF, frontal eye fields; GP, globus pallidus; HPC, hippocampus; HPT, hypothalamus; INS, insula; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LHb, lateral habenula; LTL, lateral temporal lobe; M1, primary motor cortex; mOFC, medial orbitofrontal cortex; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; MTL, medial temporal lobe; NAc, nucleus accumbens; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius; PAG, periaqueductal gray; PBN, parabrachial nucleus; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; PCu, precuneus; Pu, putamen; rACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; RSC, retrosplenial cortex; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; sgACC, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta; SPL, superior parietal lobule; STN, subthalamic nucleus; TH, thalamus; TPJ, temporoparietal junction; vACC, ventral anterior cingulate cortex; VLM, ventrolateral medulla; VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; VTA, ventral tegmental area. ↑, increased; ↓, decreased.