TABLE 2.
Analyte enrichment by various concentration techniques.
| Method | Sample type | Biomarker | Enrichment fold (ca.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Osmotic Processor | Ammonium bicarbonate buffer | Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); SARS-CoV-2 N protein | 100 |
| Centrifugal Filtration (Corstjens et al., 2015) | Urine | Circulating cathodic antigen | 100 |
| Dialysis (Tang et al., 2016) | Water | Human Immunodeficiency Virus nucleic acid (HIV NA); myoglobin (MYO) | HIV NA: 4; MYO: 10 |
| Electrophoresis (Wu et al., 2014) | Saline Sodium Citrate | DNA of H5 subtype of avian influenza virus | 400 |
| Aqueous two-phase system (Chiu et al., 2015) | PBS, FBS, synthetic urine | Transferrin | 100 |
| Isotachophoresis (Moghadam et al., 2015) | TE (Glycine, Bis-Tris, pH7.4) | Goat anti-rabbit IgG; Goat anti-mouse IgG | 160–400 |
| Test-zone pre-enrichment (Zhang et al., 2020) | human blood serum; PBS | miR-210 mimic; hCG | miR-210 mimic: 10–100; hCG: 10 |
| Immunomagnetic separation (Panferov et al., 2017; Ben Aissa et al., 2021) | PBST; PBS | Potato virus X (PVX); 16S rRNA gene for Myobacterium (rGM) | PVX: 6; rGM: 10 |