FIG 1.

Biomechanical characterization of host-pathogen interactions. (A) Traction force microscopy (TFM) to measure cellular traction stresses on 2D elastic planar matrices; (B) micropillar array for measuring cellular forces; (C) monolayer stress microscopy for inferring intracellular tensions; (D) FRET-based force sensors; (E) laser ablation wounding for monolayer tension estimation; (F) atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure cellular stiffness; (G) live-cell monolayer rheometer to measure adhesion strength between bacteria and the apical surface of cells.