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Changes in host cell motility promote bacterial dissemination. (A) Macrophages’ migration toward and away from the infected epithelium is driven by electrical signals. S. enterica hijacks the galvanotaxis-mediated response of macrophages to better disseminate. The color gradient represents the gradient in the electric field. Adapted from reference 97. (B) B. bacilliformis promotes angiogenesis and enhanced endothelial cell sprouting and migration in part through ECM remodeling.
