Table 1.
Possible immune targets to combat Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
| Immune Targets | Major Functions | Levels in Alzheimer’s Models/Patients | Probable Therapeutic Intervention in Alzheimer’s Disease | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 | Exerts Aβ-mediated inflammatory response | Increased | Downregulation or inhibition of IL-12 and/or IL-23 | [225, 233-236] |
| IL-6 | Exerts Aβ-mediated inflammatory response | - | Downregulation or inhibition of IL-6 | [65, 237-239] |
| Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) or Transmembrane immune signaling adaptor TYROBP (TYROBP) | Promotes Aβ clearance | Increased | Inconsistent, needs further studies | [204, 209, 210, 217, 240-242] |
| Sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3 (CD33) | Promotes Aβ accumulation | Increased | Downregulation or inhibition of CD33 | [243, 244] |
| Complement receptor 1 (CR1) | Promotes phagocytosis of immune complexes and Aβ | - | Upregulation or activation of CR1 | [160, 245, 246] |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) or Retinoid X receptor (RXR) |
Promotes Aβ clearance | - | Upregulation or activation of PPARγ or RXR | [247, 248] |
| NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) | Regulates Aβ clearance, mediates caspase-1 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion | - | Downregulation or inhibition of NLRP3 | [136] |
| Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) | Regulates NLRP3 activation as well as binds with Aβ | - | Inconsistent, needs further studies | [247, 249, 250] |
| CD14 | Regulates microglial inflammatory response | Increased | Downregulation or inhibition of CD14 | [251-253] |
| CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) | Modulates glial activation | - | Inconsistent, needs further studies | [126, 254-256] |
| P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) | Controls APP processing and mediates microglial inflammatory responses | Increased | Downregulation or inhibition of P2X7R | [257, 258] |
| Scavenger receptor class A member 1 (SCARA1) | Promotes Aβ clearance | Reduced | Upregulation or activation of SCARA1 | [259] |
| Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) | Suppresses glial and T cell-mediated neuroinflammation | Reduced | Upregulation or activation of TGFβ1 | [260, 261] |