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. 2022 Jan 10;20(1):126–146. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210826130210

Table 1.

Possible immune targets to combat Alzheimer’s disease pathology.

Immune Targets Major Functions Levels in Alzheimer’s Models/Patients Probable Therapeutic Intervention in Alzheimer’s Disease References
Interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 Exerts Aβ-mediated inflammatory response Increased Downregulation or inhibition of IL-12 and/or IL-23 [225, 233-236]
IL-6 Exerts Aβ-mediated inflammatory response - Downregulation or inhibition of IL-6 [65, 237-239]
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) or Transmembrane immune signaling adaptor TYROBP (TYROBP) Promotes Aβ clearance Increased Inconsistent, needs further studies [204, 209, 210, 217, 240-242]
Sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3 (CD33) Promotes Aβ accumulation Increased Downregulation or inhibition of CD33 [243, 244]
Complement receptor 1 (CR1) Promotes phagocytosis of immune complexes and Aβ - Upregulation or activation of CR1 [160, 245, 246]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) or
Retinoid X receptor (RXR)
Promotes Aβ clearance - Upregulation or activation of PPARγ or RXR [247, 248]
NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) Regulates Aβ clearance, mediates caspase-1 activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion - Downregulation or inhibition of NLRP3 [136]
Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) Regulates NLRP3 activation as well as binds with Aβ - Inconsistent, needs further studies [247, 249, 250]
CD14 Regulates microglial inflammatory response Increased Downregulation or inhibition of CD14 [251-253]
CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) Modulates glial activation - Inconsistent, needs further studies [126, 254-256]
P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) Controls APP processing and mediates microglial inflammatory responses Increased Downregulation or inhibition of P2X7R [257, 258]
Scavenger receptor class A member 1 (SCARA1) Promotes Aβ clearance Reduced Upregulation or activation of SCARA1 [259]
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) Suppresses glial and T cell-mediated neuroinflammation Reduced Upregulation or activation of TGFβ1 [260, 261]