Table 3.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratios for Association Between Potential Risk Factors and the Development of Sexual Pain after Baseline in the First Ten Follow-up Visits, Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (1995–200), N=2247 (Number of Observations=11,157)
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95%CI | aHR | 95%CI | |
| Demographic and health characteristics | ||||
| Age (per year) | 1.09 | 1.07–1.10 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.05 |
| Race or Ethnicity | ||||
| Black | 0.75 | 0.56–1.00 | 0.68 | 0.45–1.03 |
| Chinese | 2.02 | 1.46–2.80 | 1.66 | 0.98–2.82 |
| Hispanic | 0.68 | 0.27–1.70 | 1.28 | 0.13–12.55 |
| Japanese | 1.68 | 1.24–2.27 | 2.85 | 1.66–4.90 |
| White | Reference | Reference | ||
| Education | ||||
| High school or less | Reference | |||
| More than high school | 1.00 | 0.77–1.35 | ||
| Difficulty paying for basics at baseline | ||||
| Not hard at all | Reference | |||
| Somewhat hard | 1.09 | 0.64–1.87 | ||
| Very hard | 1.22 | 0.73–2.03 | ||
| Marital status in concurrent year | ||||
| Married, living as married | Reference | Reference | ||
| Single | 0.87 | 0.56–1.34 | 1.54 | 0.90–2.65 |
| Separated, divorced, widowed | 0.68 | 0.49–0.95 | 0.79 | 0.52–1.22 |
| Menopause status | ||||
| Premenopausal | Reference | Reference | ||
| Early perimenopausal | 1.50 | 0.83–2.69 | 1.24 | 0.66–2.35 |
| Late perimenopausal | 3.27 | 1.76–6.07 | 2.72 | 1.36–5.46 |
| Not postmenopausal using hormone therapy | 1.92 | 1.01–3.65 | 1.43 | 0.69–2.95 |
| Postmenopausal | 2.97 | 1.65–5.35 | 2.40 | 1.21–4.79 |
| Postmenopausal using hormone therapy | 3.23 | 1.68–6.20 | 3.16 | 1.46–6.85 |
| Surgical | 2.13 | 1.00–4.54 | 1.91 | 0.81–4.55 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 1.56 | 0.81–3.03 | 1.79 | 0.82–3.89 |
| 18.5–24.9 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25–29.9 | 0.70 | 0.54–0.91 | 0.93 | 0.69–1.27 |
| 30+ | 0.67 | 0.52–0.87 | 0.90 | 0.64–1.28 |
| Self-reported health | ||||
| Very good, excellent | Reference | Reference | ||
| Good | 1.00 | 0.78–1.27 | 0.79 | 0.58–1.08 |
| Fair, poor | 1.56 | 1.13–2.15 | 1.27 | 0.84–1.94 |
| Physical function score | ||||
| 1–85 any limitation | Reference | |||
| 86–100 no limitation | 0.84 | 0.67–1.06 | 1.03 | 0.77–1.38 |
| Other sexual characteristics at prior visit | ||||
| Importance of sex | ||||
| Moderate or less | Reference | Reference | ||
| Quite, extreme | 0.66 | 0.52–0.83 | 0.78 | 0.59–1.03 |
| Frequency of arousal | ||||
| Never, almost never | Reference | |||
| Sometimes | 0.71 | 0.43–1.17 | ||
| Almost always, always | 0.52 | 0.32–0.84 | ||
| Frequency of desire | ||||
| Not at all | Reference | |||
| 1–2 times/month | 1.00 | 0.55–1.82 | ||
| At least weekly | 0.70 | 0.39–1.26 | ||
| Lubricant use frequency | ||||
| Never, almost never | Reference | Reference | ||
| Sometimes | 1.44 | 1.04–1.99 | 1.00 | 0.67–1.48 |
| Almost always, always | 2.09 | 1.58–2.77 | 1.18 | 0.83–1.69 |
| Frequency of sexual touching | ||||
| Less than monthly | Reference | |||
| 1–2 times/month | 0.88 | 0.47–1.67 | ||
| About once per week | 0.71 | 0.38–1.35 | ||
| More than once per week | 0.74 | 0.40–1.38 | ||
| Oral sex frequency | ||||
| Once or less per week | Reference | Reference | ||
| More than once per week | 0.49 | 0.29–0.83 | 0.49 | 0.26–0.95 |
| Masturbation frequency | ||||
| Less than monthly | Reference | |||
| 1–2 times/month | 1.15 | 0.88–1.50 | ||
| About once per week | 0.80 | 0.52–1.25 | ||
| More than once per week | 0.54 | 0.26–1.11 | ||
| Genitourinary symptoms reported at concurrent visit | ||||
| Vaginal dryness | 3.84 | 3.11–4.74 | 3.73 | 2.88–4.83 |
| Vulvar irritation or itching | 1.28 | 0.96–1.71 | ||
| Urinary urgency | 1.19 | 0.96–1.48 | ||
| Urinary incontinence | 1.33 | 1.03–1.71 | 1.26 | 0.93–1.72 |
| Psychosocial characteristics at concurrent visit | ||||
| Symptom sensitivity score/unit increase (Visit 1) | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.07 |
| Depressive symptoms (>15 on CES-D) | 1.33 | 0.99–1.78 | 1.35 | 0.93–1.96 |
| Anxiety (score>4) | 1.18 | 0.88–1.58 | ||
| Anti-depressant use (any) | 0.92 | 0.68–1.24 | ||
| Reported childhood sexual trauma (Visit 12) | 1.05 | 0.76–1.45 | ||
| Reported adult sexual trauma (Visit 12) | 0.81 | 0.53–1.23 | ||
HR (hazard ratios), aHR (adjusted HR), CI (confidence intervals)
*
Adjusted for variables shown under “Adjusted” model column, study site, and change in sexual intercourse frequency patterns across three prior visits.