Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and sleep characteristics of SUD and non-substance misusing control study participants.
| Males (n = 162) | Females (n = 146) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Control
(n = 44) |
All SUD
(n = 118) |
Opioid UD
(n = 53) |
Cocaine UD
(n = 37) |
Cannabis UD
(n = 28) |
Control
(n = 64) |
All SUD
(n = 82) |
Opioid UD
(n = 46) |
Cocaine UD
(n = 14) |
Cannabis UD
(n = 22) |
|
| Demographics | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| Age | 37.0 (15.8) | 44.6 (12.4) | 44.4 (10.4) | 52.2 (9.4) | 35.0 (12.7) | 34.8 (13.7) | 41.2 (13.1) | 41.1 (12.5) | 50.9 (6.6) | 35.3 (14.1) |
| Race | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
| Black/African American | 17 (38.6) | 93 (78.8) | 39 (73.6) | 37 (100.0) | 17 (60.7) | 25 (39.1) | 60 (73.2) | 34 (73.9) | 12 (85.7) | 14 (63.6) |
| White/Caucasian | 22 (50.0) | 20 (16.9) | 112 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (32.1) | 26 (40.6) | 18 (22.0) | 11 (23.9) | 1 (7.1) | 6 (27.3) |
| All other races | 5 (11.3) | 4 (3.3) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (7.2) | 12 (18.8) | 3 (3.6) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (4.5) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Hispanic/LatinX | 1 (2.3) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (3.1) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Non-hispanic/LatinX | 40 (90.9) | 108 (91.5) | 50 (94.3) | 33 (89.2) | 25 (89.3) | 59 (92.2) | 75 (91.5) | 43 (93.5) | 12 (85.7) | 20 (90.9) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Never married | 26 (59.1) | 58 (49.2) | 24 (45.3) | 16 (43.2) | 18 (64.3) | 36 (56.3) | 50 (61.0) | 28 (60.9) | 6 (42.9) | 16 (72.7) |
| Married/living with partner | 12 (27.3) | 32 (27.1) | 17 (32.1) | 10 (27.0) | 5 (17.8) | 21 (32.8) | 17 (20.8) | 10 (21.8) | 3 (21.4) | 4 (18.2) |
| Separated/divorced/Widowed | 5 (11.4) | 27 (22.9) | 11 (20.7) | 11 (29.7) | 5 (17.9) | 7 (10.9) | 14 (17.0) | 7 (15.2) | 5 (35.7) | 2 (9.1) |
| Past 30 days employment | ||||||||||
| Full-time (35+hours/week) | 16 (36.4) | 40 (33.9) | 20 (37.7) | 7 (18.9) | 13 (46.4) | 24 (37.5) | 18 (22.0) | 12 (26.1) | 2 (14.3) | 4 (18.2) |
| Part time | 8 (18.2) | 22 (18.6) | 9 (16.9) | 6 (16.2) | 7 (25.0) | 15 (23.4) | 8 (9.7) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (18.2) |
| Unemployed | 5 (11.4) | 37 (31.4) | 19 (35.8) | 15 (40.5) | 3 (10.7) | 3 (4.7) | 36 (43.9) | 21 (45.7) | 8 (57.1) | 7 (31.8) |
| Other | 13 (29.5) | 18 (15.2) | 4 (7.5) | 9 (24.3) | 5 (17.8) | 22 (34.4) | 19 (23.2) | 9 (19.5) | 3 (21.4) | 7 (31.7) |
| Education | ||||||||||
| < High school | 1 (2.3) | 18 (15.3) | 10 (18.9) | 5 (13.5) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (1.6) | 14 (17.1) | 8 (17.4) | 5 (35.7) | 1 (4.5) |
| High school or GED | 5 (11.4) | 53 (44.9) | 25 (47.2) | 20 (54.1) | 8 (28.6) | 10 (15.6) | 43 (52.4) | 25 (54.3) | 8 (57.7) | 10 (45.5) |
| Some college | 21 (47.7) | 34 (28.8) | 14 (26.4) | 10 (27.0) | 10 (35.7) | 22 (34.4) | 20 (24.4) | 11 (23.9) | 1 (7.1) | 8 (36.4) |
| College degree or more | 17 (38.6) | 13 (11.0) | 4 (7.5) | 2 (5.4) | 7 (25.0) | 29 (45.3) | 5 (6.1) | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (13.6) |
| Sleep | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| PSQI global score (0–21) | 5.11 (3.08) | 6.92* (3.72) | 7.62* (3.80) | 5.62 (3.55) | 7.36* (3.43) | 5.66 (2.53) | 7.27* (2.99) | 7.63** (2.83) | 6.21 (3.26) | 7.19* (3.12) |
| Sleep quality (0–3) | 0.86 (0.80) | 1.28* (0.95) | 1.40* (0.85) | 1.14 (1.06) | 1.25 (0.97) | 1.19 (0.59) | 1.41 (0.80) | 1.37 (0.83) | 1.50 (1.09) | 1.43 (0.51) |
| Sleep latency (0–3) | 0.73 (0.73) | 1.25** (0.86) | 1.37** (0.82) | 1.11* (0.88) | 1.21* (0.92) | 0.91 (0.77) | 1.26* (0.74) | 1.35* (0.71) | 1.21 (0.70) | 1.10 (0.83) |
| Sleep duration (0–3) | 0.52 (0.82) | 1.24** (1.23) | 1.17* (1.22) | 1.35* (1.30) | 1.21* (1.20) | 0.64 (0.86) | 1.04* (1.15) | 1.13* (1.19) | 0.86 (1.17) | 0.95 (1.07) |
| Sleep efficiency (0–3) | 1.41 (1.45) | 1.15 (1.41) | 1.37 (1.46) | 0.41* (1.04) | 1.75 (1.38) | 0.95 (1.40) | 1.20 (1.45) | 1.35 (1.48) | 0.64 (1.28) | 1.24 (1.48) |
| Sleep disturbance (0–3) | 0.82 (0.45) | 1.12** (0.48) | 1.21** (0.50) | 1.03* (0.44) | 1.07* (0.47) | 0.97 (0.40) | 1.15* (0.42) | 1.17* (0.38) | 1.14 (0.53) | 1.10 (0.44) |
| Sleep medication (0–3) | 0.14 (0.41) | 0.29 (0.64) | 0.44* (0.78) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.25 (0.65) | 0.17 (0.46) | 0.56* (0.82) | 0.67 (0.87) | 0.29 (0.61) | 0.48 (0.81) |
| Daytime dysfunction (0–3) | 0.64 (0.65) | 0.59 (0.70) | 0.65 (0.71) | 0.49 (0.69) | 0.61 (0.69) | 0.83 (0.72) | 0.67 (0.74) | 0.59 (0.72) | 0.57 (0.65) | 0.90 (0.83) |
PSQI scores are missing for one male with opioid and one female with cannabis use disorder (UD). The * symbol indicates the differences between groups significant at p < 0.05.
The ** symbol indicates the differences between groups significant at p < 0.01.