Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Postoperative NRS at 24 h | Postoperative NRS at 48 h | Postoperative NRS at 72 h | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Results (n = 307) | NRS <2 | NRS ≥ 2 | NRS <2 | NRS ≥ 2 | NRS <2 | NRS ≥ 2 |
| Number of scores recorded | 110 (35.8%) |
197 (64.3%) |
191 (62.2%) |
116 (37.8%) |
151 (49.2%) |
156 (50.8%) |
|
| Age, years | 65.97 ± 9.80 | 66.69 ± 9.25 | 65.57 ± 10.09 | 66.33 ± 9.64 | 65.39 ± 10.06 | 66.03 ± 9.98 | 65.92 ± 9.66 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||||
| Female | 70 (22.8%) | 20 (18.2%) | 50 (25.4%) | 46 (24.1%) | 24 (20.7%) | 30 (19.9%) | 40 (25.6%) |
| Male | 237 (77.2%) | 90 (81.8%) | 147 (74.6%) | 145 (75.9%) | 92 (79.3%) | 121 (80.1%) | 116 (74.4%) |
| BMI, kg/m 2 | |||||||
| <21 | 80 (26.1%) | 29 (26.2%) | 51 (25.9%) | 40 (20.9%) | 40 (34.5%) | 31 (20.5%) | 49 (31.4%) |
| ≥21 | 227 (73.9%) | 81 (73.6%) | 146 (74.1%) | 151 (79.1%) | 76 (65.5%) | 120 (79.5%) | 107 (47.1%) |
| Diabetes | |||||||
| No | 261 (85.0%) | 90 (81.8%) | 171 (86.8%) | 155 (81.2%) | 106 (91.4%) | 122 (80.8%) | 139 (89.1%) |
| Yes | 46 (15.0%) | 20 (18.2%) | 26 (13.2%) | 36 (18.8%) | 10 (8.6%) | 29 (19.2%) | 17 (10.9%) |
| Hypertension | |||||||
| No | 190 (61.9%) | 68 (61.8%) | 122 (61.9%) | 116 (60.7%) | 74 (63.8%) | 85 (56.3%) | 105 (67.3%) |
| Yes | 117 (38.1%) | 42 (38.2%) | 75 (38.1%) | 75 (39.3%) | 42 (36.2%) | 66 (43.7%) | 51 (32.7%) |
| Previous abdominal surgery | |||||||
| No | 233 (72.6%) | 80 (72.7%) | 143 (72.6%) | 136 (71.2%) | 87 (75.0%) | 113 (74.8%) | 110 (70.5%) |
| Yes | 84 (27.4%) | 30 (27.3%) | 54 (27.4%) | 55 (28.8%) | 29 (25.0%) | 38 (25.2%) | 46 (29.5%) |
| Pre-operative hemoglobin, g/L | |||||||
| <120 | 166 (54.1%) | 62 (56.4%) | 104 (52.8%) | 106 (55.5%) | 60 (51.7%) | 92 (60.9%) | 74 (47.4%) |
| ≥120 | 141 (45.9%) | 48 (43.6%) | 93 (47.2%) | 85 (44.5%) | 56 (48.3%) | 59 (39.1%) | 82 (52.6%) |
| Pre-operative albumin, g/L | |||||||
| <35 | 46 (15.0%) | 16 (14.5%) | 30 (15.2%) | 28 (14.7%) | 18 (15.5%) | 21 (13.9%) | 25 (16.0%) |
| ≥35 | 261 (85.0%) | 94 (85.5%) | 167 (84.8%) | 163 (85.3%) | 98 (84.5%) | 130 (86.1%) | 131 (84.0%) |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen | |||||||
| <0.5 | 68 (22.1%) | 22 (20.0%) | 46 (23.4%) | 43 (22.5%) | 25 (21.6%) | 38 (25.2%) | 30 (19.2%) |
| 0.5–10 | 214 (69.7%) | 77 (70.0%) | 137 (69.5%) | 130 (68.1%) | 84 (72.4%) | 98 (64.9%) | 116 (74.4%) |
| >10 | 25 (8.1%) | 11 (10.0%) | 14 (7.1%) | 18 (9.4%) | 7 (6.0%) |
15 (9.9%) | 10 (6.4%) |
| Pre-operative chemo- or radio-therapy | |||||||
| No | 294 (95.8%) | 105 (95.5%) | 189 (95.9%) | 182 (95.3%) | 112 (96.6%) | 147 (97.4%) | 147 (94.2%) |
| Yes | 13 (4.2%) | 5 (4.5%) |
8 (4.1%) |
9 (4.7%) |
4 (3.4%) |
4 (2.6%) |
9 (5.8%) |
| Tumor location | |||||||
| Upper 1/3 | 127 (41.4%) | 37 (33.6%) | 90 (45.7%) | 80 (41.9%) | 47 (40.5%) | 65 (43.0%) | 62 (39.7%) |
| Middle 1/3 | 72 (23.5%) | 31 (28.2%) | 41 (20.8%) | 50 (26.2%) | 22 (19.0%) | 37 (24.5%) | 35 (22.4%) |
| Lower 1/3 | 87 (28.3%) | 35 (31.8%) | 52 (26.4%) | 48 (25.1%) | 39 (33.6%) | 40 (26.5%) | 47 (30.1%) |
| 2/3 or more | 21 (6.8%) | 7 (6.4%) |
14 (7.1%) |
13 (6.8%) |
8 (6.9%) |
9 (6.0%) |
12 (7.7%) |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||||||
| <3 | 79 (25.7%) | 34 (30.9%) | 45 (22.8%) | 54 (28.3%) | 25 (21.6%) | 37 (24.5%) | 42 (26.9%) |
| 3–6 | 149 (48.5%) | 51 (46.4%) | 98 (49.7%) | 92 (48.2%) | 57 (49.1%) | 76 (50.3%) | 73 (46.8%) |
| >6 | 79 (25.7%) | 25 (22.7%) | 54 (27.4%) | 45 (23.6%) | 34 (29.3%) | 38 (25.2%) | 41 (26.3%) |
| Lauren's histology | |||||||
| Intestinal type | 152 (49.5%) | 104 (68.9%) | 109 (69.9%) | 65 (59.1%) | 87 (44.2%) | 101 (52.9%) | 51 (44.0%) |
| Diffuse type | 58 (18.9%) | 39 (25.8%) | 43 (27.6%) | 18 (16.4%) | 40 (20.3%) | 30 (15.7%) | 28 (24.1%) |
| Mixed type | 97 (31.6%) | 8 (5.3%) |
4 (2.6%) |
27 (24.5%) |
70 (35.5%) |
60 (31.4%) |
37 (31.9%) |
| Pathological grading | |||||||
| Poorly differentiated | 124 (40.4%) | 42 (38.2%) | 82 (41.6%) | 74 (38.7%) | 50 (43.1%) | 59 (39.1%) | 65 (41.7%) |
| Moderate differentiated | 161 (52.4%) | 60 (54.4%) | 101 (51.3%) | 103 (53.9%) | 58 (50.0%) | 80 (53.0%) | 81 (51.9%) |
| Well differentiated | 22 (7.2%) | 8 (7.3%) |
14 (7.1%) |
14 (7.3%) |
8 (6.9%) |
12 (7.9%) |
10 (6.4%) |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||||||
| N0 | 116 (37.8%) | 44 (40.0%) | 72 (36.5%) | 74 (38.7%) | 42 (36.2%) | 55 (36.4%) | 61 (39.1%) |
| N1 | 40 (13.0%) | 17 (15.5%) | 23 (11.7%) | 25 (13.1%) | 15 (12.9%) | 21 (13.9%) | 19 (12.2%) |
| N2 | 59 (19.2%) | 17 (15.5%) | 42 (21.3%) | 35 (18.3%) | 24 (20.7%) | 30 (19.9%) | 29 (18.6%) |
| N3 | 92 (30.0%) | 32 (29.1%) | 60 (30.5%) | 57 (29.8%) | 35 (30.2%) | 45 (29.8%) | 47 (30.1%) |
| Depth of invasion | |||||||
| T1–2 | 102 (33.2%) | 39 (35.5%) | 63 (32.0%) | 62 (32.5%) | 40 (34.5%) | 45 (29.8%) | 57 (36.5%) |
| T3–4 | 205 (66.8%) | 71 (64.5%) | 134 (68.0%) | 129 (67.5%) | 76 (65.5%) | 106 (70.2%) | 99 (63.5%) |
| Distant metastasis | |||||||
| No | 290 (94.5%) | 107 (97.3%) | 183 (92.9%) | 182 (95.3%) | 108 (93.1%) | 139 (92.1%) | 151 (96.8%) |
| Yes | 17 (5.5%) | 3 (2.7%) |
14 (7.1%) | 9 (4.7%) |
8 (6.9%) |
12 (7.9%) | 5 (3.2%) |
| Lymphovascular invasion | |||||||
| No | 169 (55.0%) | 58 (52.7%) | 111 (56.3%) | 106 (55.5%) | 63 (54.3%) | 84 (55.6%) | 85 (54.5%) |
| Yes | 138 (45.0%) | 52 (47.3%) | 86 (43.7%) | 85 (44.5%) | 53 (45.7%) | 67 (44.4%) | 71 (45.5%) |
| Perineural invasion | |||||||
| No | 144 (46.9%) | 58 (52.7%) | 86 (43.7%) | 92 (48.2%) | 52 (44.8%) | 72 (47.7%) | 72 (46.2%) |
| Yes | 163 (53.1%) | 52 (47.3%) | 111 (56.3%) | 99 (51.8%) | 64 (55.2%) | 79 (52.3%) | 84 (53.8%) |
| AJCC TNM stage | |||||||
| I | 83 (27.0%) | 32 (29.1%) | 51 (25.9%) | 53 (27.7%) | 30 (25.9%) | 36 (23.8%) | 47 (30.1%) |
| II | 65 (21.2%) | 31 (28.2%) | 34 (17.3%) | 43 (22.5%) | 22 (19.0%) | 35 (23.2%) | 30 (19.2%) |
| III | 139 (45.3%) | 44 (40.0%) | 95 (48.2%) | 83 (43.5%) | 56 (48.3%) | 70 (46.4%) | 69 (44.2%) |
| IV | 20 (6.5%) | 3 (2.7%) |
17 (8.6%) | 12 (6.3%) | 8 (6.9%) |
10 (6.6%) | 10 (6.4%) |
| ASA score | |||||||
| II | 20 (6.5%) | 6 (5.5%) |
14 (7.1%) | 11 (5.8%) | 9 (7.8%) |
11 (7.3%) | 9 (5.8%) |
| III | 251 (81.8%) | 91 (82.7%) | 160 (81.2%) | 156 (81.7%) | 95 (81.9%) | 121 (80.1%) | 130 (83.3%) |
| IV | 35 (11.4%) | 13 (11.8%) | 22 (11.2%) | 24 (12.6%) | 11 (9.5%) | 18 (11.9%) | 17 (10.9%) |
| V | 1 (0.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
1 (0.5%) |
0 (0%) |
1 (0.9%) |
1 (0.7%) |
0 (0%) |
| Total gastrectomy | |||||||
| No | 124 (40.4%) | 36 (32.7%) | 88 (44.7%) | 76 (39.8%) | 48 (41.4%) | 57 (37.7%) | 67 (42.9%) |
| Yes | 183 (59.6%) | 74 (67.3%) | 109 (55.3%) | 115 (60.2%) | 68 (58.6%) | 94 (62.3%) | 89 (57.1%) |
| Intraoperative blood loss, ml | |||||||
| <100 | 15 (4.9%) | 8 (7.3%) |
7 (3.6%) |
13 (6.8%) | 2 (1.7%) |
8 (5.3%) |
7 (4.5%) |
| ≥100 | 292 (95.1%) | 102 (92.7%) | 190 (96.4%) | 178 (93.2%) | 114 (98.3%) | 143 (94.7%) | 149 (95.5%) |
| Intraoperative transfusion, ml | |||||||
| <100 | 240 (78.2%) | 82 (74.5%) | 158 (80.2%) | 147 (77.0%) | 93 (80.2%) | 108 (71.5%) | 132 (84.6%) |
| ≥100 | 67 (21.8%) | 28 (25.5%) | 39 (19.8%) | 44 (23.0%) | 23 (19.8%) | 43 (28.5%) | 24 (15.4%) |
| Intraoperative fentanyl dosage, mg | 0.63 ± 0.22 | 0.64 ± 0.21 | 0.62 ± 0.23 | 0.64 ± 0.21 | 0.60 ± 0.25 | 0.64 ± 0.21 | 0.61 ± 0.24 |
| Intraoperative dexmedetomidine dosage, mg | 38.47 ± 18.95 | 38.25 ± 21.71 | 38.59 ± 17.29 | 38.61 ± 18.97 | 38.23 ± 19.02 | 39.59 ± 17.17 | 37.39 ± 20.53 |
| Duration of operation, min | |||||||
| <180 | 92 (30.0%) | 31 (28.2%) | 61 (66.3%) | 49 (25.7%) | 43 (37.1%) | 51 (33.8%) | 41 (26.3%) |
| ≥180 | 215 (70.0%) | 79 (71.8%) | 136 (44.3%) | 142 (74.3%) | 73 (62.9%) | 100 (66.2%) | 115 (73.7%) |
| Postoperative PCA | |||||||
| No | 286 (93.2%) | 104 (94.5%) | 182 (92.4%) | 176 (92.1%) | 110 (94.8%) | 139 (92.1%) | 147 (94.2%) |
| Yes | 21 (6.8%) | 6 (5.5%) |
15 (4.9%) | 15 (7.9%) | 6 (5.2%) |
12 (7.9%) | 9 (5.8%) |
| Preventive analgesia | |||||||
| No preventive analgesia | 9 (2.9%) |
4 (3.6%) |
5 (2.5%) |
4 (2.1%) |
5 (4.3%) |
4 (2.6%) |
5 (3.2%) |
| Flurbiprofen axetil (50 mg b.i.d) | 123 (40.1%) | 38 (34.5%) | 85 (43.1%) | 77 (40.3%) | 46 (39.7%) | 61 (40.4%) | 62 (39.7%) |
| Parecixib (40 mg b.i.d) | 29 (9.4%) | 13 (11.8%) | 16 (8.1%) | 21 (11.0%) | 8 (6.9%) |
13 (8.6%) | 16 (10.3%) |
| Dezocine (10 mg b.i.d) | 146 (47.6%) | 55 (50.0%) | 91 (46.2%) | 89 (46.6%) | 57 (49.1%) | 73 (48.3%) | 73 (46.8%) |
Predictors are shown as mean ± SD, median with median (25th, 75th) when appropriate.
ASA Classification, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; BMI, body mass index; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; TNM, Tumor Node Metastasis; PCA, Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia.