Table 3.
Selected Case Reports of Combined Fentanyl and Stimulant Exposures, United States
| Location | Month/Year | Type of Stimulant |
No. of Overdoses |
Time Period, hours |
Fatalities | Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Haven, Connecticut | June 2016 | Cocaine | 12 | 8 | 3 | Route of intoxication unknown; most likely insufflation. Product found to be fentanyl with trace cocaine. |
| British Columbia, Canada | July 2016 | Crack cocaine | 43 | 96 | 1 | Patients had smoked crack cocaine. Select samples tested by the Health Canada Drug Analysis Service positive for fentanyl. |
| San Diego, California | September 2018 | Cocaine | 5 | 48 | 3 | Patients insufflated what was believed to be cocaine laced with fentanyl. |
| Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | 2018 | Cocaine | 18 | 96 | 3 | Patients had smoked crack cocaine. Fifteen individuals had confirmed fentanyl exposure and absence of other opioids. |
| Fresno, California | January 2019 | Cocaine | 4 | 48 | 1 | Route of intoxication reported as insufflation. Three blood and urine samples positive for fentanyl. |
| Chico, California | January 2019 | Cocaine | 15 | 24 | 1 | Postmortem testing confirmed fentanyl. Toxicology reports for 14 other cases unavailable, though in close proximity to Fresno and with similar presentations. |