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. 2022 Jun 1;13:894169. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894169

TABLE 3.

Mean ± standard deviation values for shooting performance, dispersion, temporal variables, rating of perceived exertion and heart rates for the three pre-physical stress tests and two post-physical stress tests.

Variable Pre-stress
(M ± SD)
Post-stress
(M ± SD)
Effect size
(Cohen’s d)
Performance variables
%Hit 92 ± 14 92 ± 11 0.08
Points (0–50) 45 ± 3 41 ± 4* 0.88*
Temporal variables
Time to first shot (s) 22.5 ± 8.5 13.6 ± 7.4** 0.74**
Time from first to last shot (s) 21.6 ± 11.7 15.0 ± 6.7* 0.40*
Dispersion variables
Shot group tightness (cm2) 68.8 ± 40.6 133.2 ± 97.0** 0.72**
Distance from center (cm) 5.5 ± 2.0 6.9 ± 2.1 0.54
Horizontal range (cm) 11.1 ± 18.8 9.4 ± 4.2 0.08
Vertical range (cm) 7.5 ± 2.5 10.0 ± 4.7** 0.53**
Heart rate
Pre-shooting heart rate (%) 46 ± 10 90 ± 4** 0.66**
Heart rate drop (beats ⋅ min–1) 5 ± 15 19 ± 9 0.19
Rating of perceived exertion
Borg scale (6–20) 17 ± 1

*Indicates significant difference between pre- and post-physical stress at P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Rating of perceived exertion (Borg scale) was only registered post-stress. Pre-shooting heart rate is measured. When grabbing the weapon and moving into the prone shooting position.