TABLE 2.
Experimental design in studies of daily hormone rhythms.
| Circulating hormone | Species | Sex | LD or DD | Light duration | # of Subjects |
Sampling interval (hrs) |
Repeated measures | References | ||
| Sex hormones | Androgens | T | Human | M | LD | 16 | 10 | 0.25–0.5 | Yes | Leproult and Van Cauter, 2011 |
| M | LD | 16 | 5 | 0.5–0.75 | Yes | Cooke et al., 1993 | ||||
| M | LD | 16 | 5 | 4 | Yes | Reinberg et al., 1975 | ||||
| M | LD | 17 | 3 | 1 | Yes | Guignard et al., 1980 | ||||
| M | LD | 16 | 6 | 1 | Yes | Juneja et al., 1991 | ||||
| M | LD | 16 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Opstad, 1994 | ||||
| M | LD | 16 | 20 | 0.16 | Yes | Spratt et al., 1988 | ||||
| M | LD | ? | 12–17 | 4 | Yes | Bremner et al., 1983 | ||||
| F | LD | ? | 16 | 3 | Yes | Ostrowska et al., 1998 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 173–264 | Various | Partial | Dabbs, 1990 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 17 | 17 | 4 | Yes | van Kerkhof et al., 2015 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 32 | 4 | Yes | Nicolau et al., 1984 | ||||
| Rats | M | LD | 14 | 56 | 4 | No | Wong et al., 1983 | |||
| M | LD | 14 | 7 | 0.16 | Yes | Waite et al., 2009 | ||||
| M | LD | 14 | 6 | 2–3 | No | Kalra and Kalra, 1977 | ||||
| Mice | M | LD | 12 | 64 | 2 | No | Mock et al., 1978 | |||
| M | LD | 12 | 114–132 | 4 | No | Lucas and Eleftheriou, 1980 | ||||
| M | DD | N/A | 72 | 2 | No | Mock et al., 1978 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 12 | 16 | 2 | Yes | Auer et al., 2020 | ||||
| DHT | Human | M | LD | 17 | 3 | 1 | Yes | Guignard et al., 1980 | ||
| Rats | M | LD | 14 | 6 | 2–3 | No | Kalra and Kalra, 1977 | |||
| Δ4 | Human | M | LD | 16 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Opstad, 1994 | ||
| M | LD | ? | 6 | 0.5 | Yes | Goldman et al., 1985 | ||||
| M | LD | 17 | 3 | 1 | Yes | Guignard et al., 1980 | ||||
| DHEA | Human | M | LD | 17 | 3 | 1 | Yes | Guignard et al., 1980 | ||
| M | LD | 16 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Opstad, 1994 | ||||
| F+FPM | LD | 16 | 7 | 0.25 | Yes | Liu et al., 1990 | ||||
| F | LD | ? | 10 | 0.5 | Yes | Carlström et al., 2002 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 15 | 10 | 2–4 | Yes | Ceresini et al., 2000 | ||||
| DHEAS | Human | M | LD | 16 | 8 | 1–2 | Yes | Zhao et al., 2003 | ||
| M | LD | 16 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Opstad, 1994 | ||||
| M | LD | 17 | 3 | 1 | Yes | Guignard et al., 1980 | ||||
| F | LD | ? | 16 | 3 | Yes | Ostrowska et al., 1998 | ||||
| F | LD | ? | 10 | 0.5 | Yes | Carlström et al., 2002 | ||||
| F | LD | 16 | 15 | 2 | Yes | Carandente et al., 1990 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 17 | 17 | 4 | Yes | van Kerkhof et al., 2015 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 32 | 4 | Yes | Nicolau et al., 1984 | ||||
| Estrogens | E1 | Human | M | LD | 16 | 4 | 0.5 | Yes | Leymarie et al., 1974 | |
| Fl | LD | ? | 11 | 0.5–1 | Yes | Patrick et al., 1979 | ||||
| E2 | Human | M | LD | 16 | 4 | 0.5 | Yes | Leymarie et al., 1974 | ||
| M | LD | 16 | 6 | 1 | Yes | Juneja et al., 1991 | ||||
| F | LD | 17 | 1 | Yes | Rahman et al., 2019 | |||||
| FPP | LD | 16 | 7 | 0.3 | Yes | Boyar et al., 1976 | ||||
| F | LD | 16 | 15 | 2 | Yes | Bao et al., 2003 | ||||
| F | LD | 16.5 | 15 | ? | Yes | Carandente et al., 1989 | ||||
| FPP | LD | ? | 11 | 0.5–1 | Yes | Patrick et al., 1979 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 17 | 17 | 4 | Yes | van Kerkhof et al., 2015 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 32 | 4 | Yes | Nicolau et al., 1984 | ||||
| Rats | F | LD | 14 | 5–21 | Various | No | Kalra and Kalra, 1974 | |||
| E3 | Human | Fl | LD | ? | 11 | 0.5–1 | Yes | Patrick et al., 1979 | ||
| Progestin | P | Human | M | LD | 16 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Opstad, 1994 | |
| F | LD | 0 | 17 | 1 | Yes | Rahman et al., 2019 | ||||
| F | LD | 13 | 7 | 0.16 | Yes | Veldhuis et al., 1988 | ||||
| F | LD | 16.5 | 15 | ? | Yes | Carandente et al., 1989 | ||||
| F | LD | 17 | 6 | 0.25 | Yes | Kottler et al., 1989 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 17 | 17 | 4 | Yes | van Kerkhof et al., 2015 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 32 | 4 | Yes | Nicolau et al., 1984 | ||||
| Rats | M | LD | 14 | 6 | 2–3 | No | Kalra and Kalra, 1977 | |||
| M | LD | 8 | 6 | 1–4 | Yes | Hueston and Deak, 2014 | ||||
| F | LD | 14 | 5–21 | Various | No | Kalra and Kalra, 1974 | ||||
| FP | LD | 12 | 42–48 | 3 | No | Crew et al., 2016 | ||||
| Mice | F | LD | 13 | 50 | 4 | Yes | Bailey, 1987 | |||
| Corticoids | Gluco- | Cortisol | Human | M | LD | 16 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Opstad, 1994 |
| M | LD | 17 | 12 | 3 | Yes | Sjöberg et al., 1979 | ||||
| M | LD | 17 | 3 | 1 | Yes | Guignard et al., 1980 | ||||
| F | LD | ? | 10 | 0.5 | Yes | Carlström et al., 2002 | ||||
| F | LD | 16 | 15 | 2 | Yes | Carandente et al., 1990 | ||||
| F+FPP | LD | 16 | 7 | 0.25 | Yes | Liu et al., 1990 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 16 | 10 | 2–6 | Yes | Cugini et al., 1992 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 15.5 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Portaluppi et al., 1990 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 45 | <0.5 | Yes | Van Cauter et al., 1996 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 32 | 4 | Yes | Nicolau et al., 1984 | ||||
| Corticosterone | Rats | M | LD | 12 | 6 | 3 | No | Hilfenhaus, 1976 | ||
| M | LD | 8 | 6 | 1–4 | Yes | Hueston and Deak, 2014 | ||||
| Mice | F | LD | 14 | 200 | 4 | No | Nichols and Chevins, 1981 | |||
| M | LD | 12 | 24–36 | 4 | No | Oster et al., 2006b | ||||
| M | DD | N/A | 24–36 | 4 | No | Oster et al., 2006b | ||||
| Mineralo- | Aldosterone | Human | M | LD | 15 | 4 | 1 | Yes | Ryoyu et al., 1984 | |
| M+F | LD | 16 | 10 | 2–6 | Yes | Cugini et al., 1992 | ||||
| M+F | LD | 15.5 | 10 | 4 | Yes | Portaluppi et al., 1990 | ||||
| M+F | LD | ? | 32 | 4 | Yes | Nicolau et al., 1984 | ||||
| Rats | M | LD | 12 | 6 | 3 | No | Hilfenhaus, 1976 |
M, male; F, female; FP, pregnant; FPM, postmenopausal; FPP, pre-puberty; N/A, not applicable; ?, not reported. All samples are collected over an interval of at least 24 h.