Cardiovascular magnetic strain directions shown (A) in 3D, (B) short axis, and (C) long axis. Global circumferential strain (GCS) is calculated from circumferential changes (CC) and deformation in the long-axis planes (LL), and is used to calculate global longitudinal strain (GLS). (From Zhong X, Gibberman LB, Spottiswoode BS, et al. Comprehensive cardiovascular magnetic resonance of myocardial mechanics in mice using three-dimensional cine DENSE. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13:83; with permission.)