Table 3.
Associations between lifestyles and PTSD symptoms in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic
| Response in demographic, COVID-19 and lifestyles variable | r/t | p | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||||
| M(SD)* | M(SD)* | ||||
| Demographic | |||||
| Age | -0.10 | < .001 | .10 | ||
| Primiparous | 10.27(7.39) | 9.51(7.52) | 1.87 | .062 | .10 |
| COVID-19 exposures and symptoms | |||||
| Contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19 | 9.78(7.41) | 9.91(7.63) | -0.28 | .781 | .02 |
| Symptoms and/or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis | 9.59(7.33) | 10.94(8.07) | -2.52 | .012 | .18 |
| Death of a close person due to COVID-19 | 9.65(7.42) | 11.07(7.71) | -2.30 | .022 | .19 |
| Lifestyles to cope with stress during the COVID-19 pandemic | |||||
| Nothing | 10.04(7.44) | 7.24(7.37) | 3.82 | < .001 | .38 |
| Sleeping well at night | 10.71(7.77) | 7.42(5.99) | 7.48 | < .001 | .47 |
| Meditation/mindfulness | 9.60(7.47) | 10.82(7.41) | -2.32 | .021 | .16 |
| Talking with friends and family | 10.48(8.32) | 9.57(7.12) | 1.87 | .062 | .12 |
| Participating in family activities (e.g., games, sports) | 9.97(7.50) | 8.47(7.04) | 2.25 | .023 | .21 |
| Talking with other pregnant women or with children | 9.59(7.62) | 10.31(7.12) | -1.66 | .097 | .10 |
| Increasing time with screens (i.e., videogames, series or films) | 9.12(7.19) | 11.11(7.81) | -4.77 | < .001 | .27 |
| Increasing time in social networks (facebook, instagram or others) | 8.67(7.36) | 11.04(7.40) | -5.98 | < .001 | .32 |
| Decreasing time in social networks (facebook, instagram or others) | 9.72(7.44) | 11.38(7.78) | -1.95 | .051 | .22 |
| Increasing time watching or looking for news | 9.46(7.36) | 11.83(7.80) | -4.30 | < .001 | .31 |
| Decreasing time watching or looking for news | 9.66(7.48) | 10.32(7.42) | -1.42 | .156 | .09 |
| Eating fast food (sweets and chips) | 9.43(7.38) | 13.11(7.44) | -5.73 | < .001 | .50 |
| Eating healthier | 10.09(7.59) | 9.03(7.06) | 2.43 | .015 | .14 |
| Increasing personal care (e.g. having more bath or shower, facial treatments…) | 10.11(7.61) | 8.61(6.77) | 3.24 | .001 | .21 |
| Increasing time reading books or doing activities as jigsaw or puzzles | 9.92(7.57) | 9.55(7.20) | 0.83 | .408 | .05 |
| Physical exercise (intense or moderate at lesst three times a week) | 10.40(7.79) | 8.69(6.67) | 4.08 | < .001 | .24 |
| Drinking fermented alcoholic drinks | 9.81(7.47) | 12.00(7.38) | -0.66 | .513 | .29 |
| Drinking distilled alcoholic drinks | 9.82(7.47) | 2(0) | 1.05 | .295 | |
| Smoking or vaping | 9.73(7.43) | 14.18(8.18) | -3.13 | .002 | .57 |
| Taking sleeping pills without medical prescription | 9.81(7.47) | 21(0) | -1.50 | .134 | |
| Talking with health professionals more frequently | 9.69(7.43) | 12.88(7.86) | -3.14 | .002 | .42 |
| Talking with mental health professional | 9.48(7.33) | 14.10(7.94) | -6.10 | < .001 | .60 |
| Helping others | 9.80(7.49) | 10(7.25) | -0.25 | .804 | .03 |
| Other | 9.83(7.49) | 9.62(7.20) | 0.27 | .789 | .03 |
*Means and standard deviations in PTSD symptoms are presented, comparing the results by the response (No/Yes) in each independent variable (i.e., demographics, COVID-19 exposure and symptoms, and lifestyles to cope with stress during the COVID-19 pandemic). PTSD symptoms (dependent variable) were analyzed as a continuous variable