Table 1.
Differences in Demographic Characteristics and Image Parameters in LBP (−), LBP (+), and EILBP (+).
| LBP (−) | LBP (+) | EILBP (+) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=224 | n=23 | n=68 | ||
| Sex men/women | 72/152 | 11/12 | 15/53 | 0.058 |
| Age (years) | 62.9±11.2 | 60.2±13.2 | 69.8±10.1 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9±3.0 | 23.2±2.7 | 23.4±2.8 | 0.475 |
| SF-36 norm-based score | ||||
| Physical functioning | 50.4±11.9 | 54.4±9.2 | 46.4±9.4 | <0.001 |
| Role-physical | 48.7±11.3 | 50.9±7.9 | 45.7±10.5 | 0.049 |
| Bodily pain | 47.8±10.5 | 45.6±9.9 | 43.5±8.6 | 0.018 |
| General health | 47.7±8.4 | 42.8±8.1 | 46.2±8.8 | 0.017 |
| Vitality | 50.7±9.2 | 51.4±8.1 | 50.0±8.7 | 0.850 |
| Social functioning | 50.7±9.4 | 49.1±10.7 | 50.9±8.5 | 0.752 |
| Role-emotional | 49.5±10.2 | 50.5±9.1 | 48.1±11.3 | 0.756 |
| Mental health | 47.8±9.5 | 46.0±9.9 | 48.1±11.0 | 0.532 |
| Average CSA (mm2) | ||||
| Multifidus | 859.2±200.0 | 889.2±210.1 | 757.8±198.1 | <0.001 |
| Erector spinae | 2507.5±557.1 | 2602.8±600.7 | 2362.6±641.2 | 0.085 |
| Psoas major | 1210.0±445.4 | 1376.2±568.8 | 1025.8±349.3 | 0.002 |
| Average CSA/height (mm2/cm) | ||||
| Multifidus | 5.5±1.2 | 5.3±1.2 | 4.9±1.1 | <0.001 |
| Erector spinae | 16.2±3.5 | 15.7±3.1 | 15.4±4 | 0.388 |
| Psoas major | 7.6±2.5 | 7.1±2.7 | 6.6±2.0 | 0.013 |
| Average FIR (%) | ||||
| Multifidus | 16.3±12.6 | 14.5±9.1 | 26.3±16.3 | <0.001 |
| Erector spinae | 10.9±9.2 | 8.9±5.9 | 18.5±11.0 | <0.001 |
| Psoas major | 2.4±1.7 | 2.2±2.3 | 3.5±2.3 | <0.001 |
| LASD (mm) | 13.5±14.3 | 11.2±15.5 | 8.5±20.2 | 0.137 |
| Lumbar lordosis (L1-5) (°) | 30.7±11.9 | 31.6±11.8 | 23.4±12.0 | <0.001 |
| Sacral slope (°) | 35.8±8.0 | 36.5±8.4 | 29.5±8.8 | <0.001 |
| DDD score | 8.7±3.2 | 7.7±3.3 | 10.0±3.4 | 0.222 |
Data are shown as n or as mean±standard deviation. Average FIR and CSA are the average value of L1-2 to L5-S1. Average CSA/height=average (L1-2 CSA/height to L5-S1 CSA/height)
LBP (−), absence of low back pain; LBP (+), presence of LBP without EILBP; EILBP (+), presence of EILBP. A total of 264 subjects were available for X-ray scan, of whom 54 were subjects with EILBP.
Abbreviations: SF-36, MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey; EILBP, exercise-induced low back pain; FIR, fat infiltration rate; CSA, cross-sectional area; LASD, L1 axis S1 distance; DDD, degenerative disc disease