Table 1.
Comparison of the Results of Biomarkers between Cases and Controls.
| Year | First author | Materials | Biomarkers | Case (number) | Control (number) | Data in case | Data in control | p-value | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1985 | Takuwa Y | Serum | Pi | 28 PVLO | 11 | 0.97 mmol/L | 1.07 mmol/L | 0.07 | Decrease |
| TmP/GFR | 28 PVLO | 11 | 0.97 mmol/L | 1.03 mmol/L | <0.05 | Decrease | ||||
| Serum | Ca | 28 PVLO | 11 | 2.20 mmol/L | 2.25 mmol/L | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | 25OHD | 24 PVLO | 11 | 85.9 nmol/L | 46.0 nmol/L | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | 1,25OHD | 22 PVLO | 11 | 88.8 pmol/L | 94.7 pmol/L | NS | No difference | |||
| 2 | 1993 | Miyamoto S | Plasma | Fibronectin | 30 OPLL or OLF | 20 | 43.4±1.2 mg/dL | 34.6±1.5 mg/dL | <0.0001 | Increase |
| 3 | 1996 | Matsui H | Serum | PICP | 40 OPLL | 36 | 980±350 ng/mL | 360±130 ng/mL | <0.05 | Increase |
| Serum | Intact osteocarcin | 40 OPLL | 36 | 38±12 ng/mL | 17±8 ng/mL | <0.05 | Increase | |||
| 4 | 2000 | Ishiharu C | Serum | PICP | 22 male OPLL | 20 male | 90.4±39.5 ng/mL | 109.8±34.8 ng/mL | NS | No difference |
| Serum | Osteocarcin | 22 male OPLL | 20 male | 4.9±2.9 ng/mL | 4.4±2.9 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | ICTP | 22 male OPLL | 20 male | 3.8±2.3 ng/mL | 3.2±1.1 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Urine | Pyr | 22 male OPLL | 20 male | 34.1±19.9 nmol/mmol creat. | 32.2±12.6 nmol/mmol creat. | NS | No difference | |||
| Urine | Dpyr | 22 male OPLL | 20 male | 6.7±4.4 nmol/mmol creat. | 4.8±2.0 nmol/mmol creat. | NS | No difference | |||
| 5 | 2003 | Yamada K | Serum | Intact osteocarcin | 8 female OPLL | 8 female | 7.17±0.76 ng/mL | 6.17±0.75 ng/mL | <0.05 | Increase |
| Serum | Glu-osteocarcin | 8 female OPLL | 8 female | 5.21±1.63 ng/mL | 4.96±1.81 ng/mL | <0.05 | Increase | |||
| Serum | Pi | 8 female OPLL | 8 female | 3.37±0.42 mg/dL | 3.53±0.61 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Ca | 8 female OPLL | 8 female | 9.55±0.46 mg/dL | 9.46±0.22 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | MK-4 | 8 female OPLL | 8 female | NS | No difference | |||||
| Serum | MK-7 | 8 female OPLL | 8 female | NS | No difference | |||||
| Serum | Intact osteocarcin | 16 male OPLL | 16 male | 4.20±0.52 ng/mL | 4.73±0.50 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Glu-osteocarcin | 16 male OPLL | 16 male | 2.10±0.37 ng/mL | 2.07±0.40 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Pi | 16 male OPLL | 16 male | 3.05±0.35 mg/dL | 3.29±0.66 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Ca | 16 male OPLL | 16 male | 9.42±0.29 mg/dL | 9.28±0.42 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | MK-4 | 16 male OPLL | 16 male | <0.05 | Increase | |||||
| Serum | MK-7 | 16 male OPLL | 16 male | NS | No difference | |||||
| 6 | 2011 | Ikeda Y | Serum | Leptin | 57 female OPLL | 27 female | 9.67±5.1 ng/mL | 6.55±3.67 ng/mL | <0.01 | Increase |
| Serum | Leptin | 68 male OPLL | 35 male | 3.85±2.2 ng/mL | 3.20±1.4 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| 7 | 2014 | Yoshimura N | Serum | Total cholesterol | 30 OPLL | 1532 none-OPLL | 209.6±36.2 mg/dL | 208.8±34.5 mg/dL | NS | No difference |
| Serum | Uric acid | 30 OPLL | 1532 none-OPLL | 5.24±1.21 mg/dL | 4.84±1.30 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | HbA1c | 30 OPLL | 1532 none-OPLL | 5.38%±0.79% | 5.17%±0.70% | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | iPTH | 30 OPLL | 1532 none-OPLL | 41.2±14.2 pg/mL | 41.2±34.4 pg/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | PINP | 30 OPLL | 1532 none-OPLL | 52.6±29.9 μg/L | 57.9±27.0 μg/L | NS | No difference | |||
| Urine | β-CTX | 30 OPLL | 1532 none-OPLL | 150.4±79.1 μg/mmol Cr | 187.2±121.3 μg/mmol Cr | NS | No difference | |||
| Plasma | Pentosidine | 30 OPLL | 1532 none-OPLL | 0.085±0.140 μg/mL | 0.058±0.037 μg/mL | <0.0005 | Increase | |||
| 8 | 2016 | Kashii M | Serum | Glycated hemogrobin | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 5.7%±0.2% | 5.3%±0.6% | 0.02 | Increase |
| Serum | Ca | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 9.1±0.3 mg/dL | 8.9±0.3 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Pi | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 3.1±0.5 mg/dL | 3.3±0.5 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | BAP | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 14.7±7.8 μg/L | 12.8±3.9 μg/L | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | PINP | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 35.2±16.4 μg/L | 47.7±22.3 μg/L | 0.01 | Decrease | |||
| Serum | Osteocarcin | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 3.6±1.6 ng/mL | 3.3±1.5 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | TRAP5b | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 332±128 mU/dL | 427±173 mU/dL | 0.01 | Decrease | |||
| Serum | Parathyroid hormone | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 49.5±14.3 pg/dL | 41.5±11.1 pg/dL | 0.01 | Increase | |||
| Serum | 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 58.0±18.5 pg/dL | 62.3±25.9 pg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Sclerostin | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 75.7±42.9 pmol/L | 45.3±16.0 pmol/L | 0.002 | Increase | |||
| Serum | Dickkopf-1 | 49 male OPLL | 22 male control | 2069±785 pg/dL | 2355±1076 pg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Glycated hemoglobin | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 5.8%±1.0% | 5.3%±0.5% | 0.04 | Increase | |||
| Serum | Ca | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 9.3±0.5 mg/dL | 9.0±0.2 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Pi | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 3.5±0.5 mg/dL | 3.5±0.3 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | BAP | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 15.7±6.1 μg/L | 13.1±4.7 μg/L | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | PINP | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 42.7±14.9 μg/L | 49.2±24.2 μg/L | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Osteocarcin | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 4.7±1.7 ng/mL | 3.8±1.8 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | TRAP5b | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 417±161 mU/dL | 397±179 mU/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Parathyroid hormone | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 58.6±23.3 pg/dL | 46.6±13.7 pg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 55.6±18.0 pg/dL | 60.9±21.0 pg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Sclerostin | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 44.4±21.3 pmol/L | 44.5±20.2 pmol/L | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Dickkopf-1 | 29 female OPLL | 17 female control | 1928±924 pg/dL | 2443±812 pg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| 9 | 2017 | Kawaguchi Y | Serum | hs-CRP | 103 OPLL | 95 | 0.122±0.141 mg/dL | 0.086±0.114 mg/dL | 0.047 | Increase |
| Serum | Pi | 103 OPLL | 95 | 3.19±0.55 mg/dL | 3.36±0.47 mg/dL | 0.02 | Decrease | |||
| Serum | Ca | 103 OPLL | 95 | 9.11±0.35 mg/dL | 9.20±0.44 mg/dL | NS | No difference | |||
| 10 | 2017 | Niu CC | Serum | Osteocarcin | 8 OPLL | 9 | 7.95±3.91 ng/mL | 2.28±1.37 ng/mL | <0.01 | Increase |
| Serum | DKK-1 | 8 OPLL | 9 | 395.8±260.1 pg/mL | 792.5±308.6 ng/mL | <0.05 | Decrease | |||
| Serum | SFRPs | 8 OPLL | 9 | 3.82±1.17 ng/mL | 2.61±1.08 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Sclerostin | 8 OPLL | 9 | 499.4±104.1 pg/mL | 261.1±111.4 ng/mL | <0.01 | Increase | |||
| Serum | Osteoprotegrin | 8 OPLL | 9 | 17.2±8.2 ng/mL | 26.1±15.3 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Osteocarcin | 3 OYL | 9 | 5.62±1.78 ng/mL | 2.28±1.37 ng/mL | <0.05 | Increase | |||
| Serum | DKK-1 | 3 OYL | 9 | 316.1±112.1 pg/mL | 792.5±308.6 ng/mL | <0.01 | Decrease | |||
| Serum | SFRPs | 3 OYL | 9 | 3.61±0.49 ng/mL | 2.61±1.08 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Sclerostin | 3 OYL | 9 | 368.9±91.4 pg/mL | 261.1±111.4 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| Serum | Osteoprotegrin | 3 OYL | 9 | 18.7±3.79 ng/mL | 26.1±15.3 ng/mL | NS | No difference | |||
| 11 | 2017 | Cai GD | Serum | FGF-23 | 76 male cOPLL | 41 healthy male | 35.11±2.599 pg/mL | 27.05±2.526 pg/mL | 0.046 | Increase |
| Serum | Osteopontin | 76 male cOPLL | 41 healthy male | 17880±1326 pg/mL | 13300±1713 pg/mL | 0.04 | Increase | |||
| Serum | DKK-1 | 76 male cOPLL | 41 healthy male | 372.4±28.92 pg/mL | 448.7±28.89 pg/mL | 0.046 | Decrease | |||
| Serum | DKK-1 | 45 female cOPLL | 19 healthy male | 359.1±38.20 pg/mL | 480.4±59.89 pg/mL | 0.049 | Decrease |
Pi: inorganic phosphate PVLO: paravertebral ligament ossification NS: not significant
TmP/GFR: tubular reabsroptive capacity for Pi OPLL: ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Ca: calcium OLF: ossification of the ligamentum flavum
25OHD: 25-hydroxyvitamin D AS: ankylosing spondylitis
1,25 (OH) 2D: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D DISH: diffuse idiopathic spinal hyperostosis
PICP: C-terminal extension peptide of type I procollagen OYL: ossification of the yellow ligament
ICTP: carboxyterminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen cOPLL: cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Pyr: pyridinoline
Dpyr: deoxypyridinoline
MK: menatetrenone
iPTH: intact parathyroid hormone
PINP: N-terminal propeptide of typeI procollagen
β-CTX: β-isomerised C-terminal cross-linkingtelopeptide of type I collagen
BAP: bone specific alkaline phosphatase
TRAP5b: tartate-resistant acid phosphate 5b
DKK-1: dickkopf-1
hs-CRP: hypersensitive C reactive protein
SFRPs: frizzled-related proteins
FGF-23: fibroblast growth factor-23