Table 2.

Individual determinant of ED use [49, 52]

Description	Factors associated with general ED use
Predisposing factors  Demographic, social structures (education, religion), and individual beliefs	▪ Age: Adults age 65 years older age ▪ Sex: Females compared to males ▪ Rates are lower among those living in the West compared to other regions
Enabling factors  Income, health insurance, access to regular care, area if residence	▪ Private insurance or Medicaid compared to Medicare or no insurance ▪ Residence in low-income areas
Illness severity factors  Perceived (disability, symptoms, general state) and Evaluated (diagnosis)	▪ Diagnosis: abdominal pain, chest pain, back problems, urinary tract infections, or skin infections