Table 2.
The downregulated expression levels of RNAs in GDM and the possible mechanism involved in GDM.
| Sample | Downregulated | Related mechanism | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma | miR-574-5p and miR-3135b | Associate with insulin signaling pathway | [81] |
| Placenta tissues | miR-362-5p | Promote cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis via targeting GSR and activating PI3K/Akt pathway | [82] |
| Placenta | miR-30d | Affect trophoblast cell functions by targeting RAB8A | [83] |
| Placenta and plasma | miR-96-5p | Increased the viability of trophoblasts | [84] |
| Placenta-derived macrophages | miR-6869-5p | Prevent from inflammation and inducing M2 macrophages | [85] |
| Placenta villous | miR-9 and miR-22 | Alter placental glucose metabolism by targeting GLUT1 and HK2 | [86] |
| Blood leukocytes | miR-4646 | — | [87] |
| Placental tissue and peripheral blood | miR-345-3p | Inhibit HTR8-/SVneo cell apoptosis and promote cell proliferation and migration by targeting BAK1 | [88] |
| Leukocytes | miR-155-5p | — | [89] |
| Peripheral blood | miR-193b | Inhibit autophagy and apoptosis by targeting IGFBP5 | [90] |
| Serum | miR-29a/b | — | [91] |
| Serum and placenta | miR-21 | Inhibit cell growth and infiltration by upregulating PPAR-α | [92] |
| Placenta | miR-29b | HIF3A: a direct target of miR-29b | [93] |
| Serum and placenta | miR-185 | HOMA-IR ↓ | [94] |
| Serum and placenta | miR-132 | Enhance the trophoblast cell proliferation | [95] |
| Placental of rats | miRNA-221 | Regulate proliferation, apoptosis and insulin secretion in islet β cells through targeting PAK1 | [96] |
| Placenta tissues | miR-96 | Regulate PAK1 expression, insulin secretion, and β-cell function | [97] |
| Blood | miR-494 | Improve pancreatic β-cell dysfunction by targeting PTEN | [98] |
| Plasma | hsa_circRNA_102893 | — | [99] |
| Plasma | circ_0001173 | — | [45] |
| Placenta and plasma | hsa_circ_0005243 | Induce trophoblast cell dysfunction and inflammation by the β-catenin and NF-κB signal pathways | [100] |
| Placenta | circ_5824, circ_3636, and circ_0395 | — | [101] |
| Plasma | SNHG17 | — | [102] |
| Umbilical cord blood exosomes | Lnc-TBC1D30-4:1, ENST00000596839.1, lncZNF800-1 : 1, lnc-EIF4ENIF1-1 : 1, and lnc-ATP8B3-3 : 1 | Most of the exosomal lncRNAs harbored miRNA binding sites | [16] |
| Placenta | PVT1 | Disrupt the function of trophoblast cells through PI3K/Akt pathway | [103] |
| Blood leukocytes | Pax8-AS1 | — | [87] |
Abbreviations: GSR: glutathione-disulfide reductase; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; BAK1: BCL2-antagonist/killer 1; IGFBP5: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: insulin resistance; PAK1: p21-activated kinase 1; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; Pax8-AS1: paired box 8 antisense 1.