Table 2.
The glycolipid metabolism levels of adolescent according to perinatal and childhood experiences.
| Variables | Insulin, median (IQR)d | HOMA-IR, median (IQR)d | TG, median (IQR)d | TG/HDL, median (IQR) | HbA1c, mean%e |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 2097 | 1979 | 2018 | 2018 | 932 |
| Region | |||||
| Urban | 60.30 (41.30, 99.40)f | 1.70 (1.16, 2.79)f | 0.96 (0.77, 1.24)f | 0.67 (0.49, 0.96) | 5.34 ± 0.19f |
| Rural | 55.65 (35.90, 86.50) | 1.56 (0.95, 2.34) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.22) | 0.66 (0.46, 0.96) | 5.40 ± 0.18 |
| Anthropometric measures | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 57.10 (38.20, 93.85)f | 1.59 (1.05, 2.62)g | 0.91 (0.70, 1.21)f | 0.65 (0.46, 0.95)f | 5.37 ± 0.19 |
| Female | 62.00 (42.30, 97.60) | 1.71 (1.16, 2.75) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.26) | 0.69 (0.51, 0.97) | 5.37 ± 0.18 |
| Age, y | |||||
| ∼10 | 53.50 (35.30, 80.00)af | 1.53 (1.01, 2.30)af | 0.91 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.64 (0.48, 0.85)ag | 5.39 ± 0.20 |
| ∼11 | 57.70 (39.90, 91.70)b | 1.59 (1.09, 2.59)b | 0.94 (0.74, 1.25) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.97)ab | 5.36 ± 0.19 |
| ≥12 | 67.50 (43.10, 112.40)c | 1.87 (1.19, 3.13)c | 0.97 (0.76, 1.26) | 0.69 (0.49, 0.98)b | 5.38 ± 0.18 |
| Pubertal development | |||||
| No | 60.70 (41.00, 99.40) | 1.71 (1.14, 2.83)f | 0.96 (0.76, 1.26)f | 0.68 (0.49, 0.98)g | 5.36 ± 0.20g |
| Yes | 59.50 (39.30, 89.40) | 1.62 (1.05, 2.55) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.17) | 0.65 (0.45, 0.92) | 5.39 ± 0.18 |
| Dyslipidemia, in 2014 | |||||
| No | 55.4 (37.4, 89.9)f | 1.59 (1.03, 2.58)g | 0.91 (0.73, 1.16)f | 0.62 (0.46, 0.82)f | 5.37 ± 0.20 |
| Yes | 59.2 (41.5, 108.1) | 1.64 (1.15, 2.99) | 1.02 (0.8, 1.35) | 0.78 (0·.56, 1.16) | 5.34 ± 0.21 |
| Obesity, in 2014 | |||||
| Normal | 54.60 (36.90, 87.00)af | 1.52 (1.00, 2.43)af | 0.92 (0.73, 1.21)af | 0.64 (0.46, 0.90)af | 5.37 ± 0.18 |
| Overweight | 77.30 (51.20, 124.70)b | 2.10 (1.42, 3.27)b | 1.02 (0.84, 1.26)b | 0.72 (0.59, 1.03)b | 5.37 ± 0.17 |
| Obesity | 89.35 (52.80, 141.90)b | 2.55 (1.44, 3.91)b | 1.05 (0.80, 1.42)b | 0.79 (0.54, 1.13)b | 5.41 ± 0.20 |
| Obesity, in 2019 | |||||
| Normal | 53.70 (37.20, 82.80)af | 1.49 (1.02, 2.33)af | 0.90 (0.72, 1.17)af | 0.63 (0.46, 0.87)af | 5.36 ± 0.18af |
| Overweight | 79.80 (54.50, 124.65)b | 2.22 (1.51, 3.39)b | 1.10 (0.83, 1.39)b | 0.86 (0.61, 1.15)b | 5.39 ± 0.17ab |
| Obesity | 96.80 (63.65, 150.40)c | 2.74 (1.78, 4.17)c | 1.14 (0.91, 1.48)b | 0.90 (0.66, 1.24)b | 5.42 ± 0.20b |
| Abdominal obesity, in 2014 | |||||
| Normal | 55.90 (37.80, 90.20)f | 1.58 (1.03, 2.56)f | 0.92 (0.73, 1.20)f | 0.65 (0.47, 0.90)f | 5.37 ± 0.18 |
| Abdominal obesity | 87.50 (52.40, 140.50) | 2.36 (1.36, 3.85) | 1.03 (0.81, 1.39) | 0.79 (0.55, 1.09) | 5.40 ± 0.19 |
| Abdominal obesity, in 2019 | |||||
| Normal | 55.60 (38.20, 86.60)f | 1.55 (1.05, 2.47)f | 0.91 (0.73, 1.18)f | 0.64 (0.47, 0.89)f | 5.36 ± 0.18f |
| Abdominal obesity | 90.40 (58.00, 144.70) | 2.55 (1·61, 4.05) | 1.17 (0.91, 1.50) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.27) | 5.40 ± 0.20 |
|
| |||||
| Perinatal measures | |||||
| Maternal prepregnancy obesity | |||||
| Low weight | 62.20 (41.70, 98.90) | 1.71 (1.16, 2.78) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.94) | 5.36 ± 0.20abg |
| Normal weight | 56.00 (39.00, 92.50) | 1.58 (1.10, 2.60) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.29) | 0.70 (0.48, 0.99) | 5.34 ± 0.17a |
| Overweight/obesity | 61.30 (42.10, 109.30) | 1.77 (1.14, 3.08) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.23) | 0.73 (0.50, 0.96) | 5.41 ± 0.16b |
| Maternal pregnancy weight gain | |||||
| Below IOM guidelines | 62.40 (41.10, 100.30) | 1.73 (1.15, 2.73) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.17)ag | 0.65 (0.48, 0.90) | 5.37 ± 0.18 |
| Within IOM guidelines | 59.65 (39.30, 97.80) | 1.67 (1.05, 2.70) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.28)ab | 0.70 (0.49, 0.99) | 5.36 ± 0.22 |
| Above IOM guidelines | 61.20 (43.00, 96.80) | 1.70 (1.18, 2.73) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.24)b | 0.68 (0.51, 0.96) | 5.36 ± 0.16 |
| Premature delivery | |||||
| No | 59.90 (40.50, 96.10) | 1.65 (1.13, 2.69) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.22) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.95) | 5.36 ± 0.19 |
| Yes | 61.50 (41.20, 104.40) | 1.73 (1.12, 2.83) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.26) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.02) | 5.37 ± 0.18 |
| Fatal weight of pregnancy week | |||||
| SGA | 60.5 (40.4, 94.2) | 1.67 (1.13, 2.61) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.24) | 0.68 (0.48, 0.96) | 5.37 ± 0.19 |
| Appropriate for GA | 55 (39.3, 85.1) | 1.53 (1.04, 2.44) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.61 (0.44, 0.88) | 5.36 ± 0.14 |
| LGA | 61.3 (41.6, 105.3) | 1.71 (1.15, 3.04) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.95) | 5.35 ± 0.20 |
| Gestational hypertension | |||||
| No | 59.90 (40.40, 96.60) | 1.67 (1.13, 2.70) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.24) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.96) | 5.37 ± 0.19 |
| Yes | 59.70 (40.50, 88.55) | 1.62 (1.12, 2.61) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.32) | 0.70 (0.54, 1.06) | 5.35 ± 0.20 |
| Gestational diabetes | |||||
| No | 59.90 (40.20, 96.60) | 1.66 (1.12, 2.70) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.24) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.96) | 5.37 ± 0.19 |
| Yes | 73.00 (46.60, 90.20) | 1.92 (1.21, 3.00) | 1.01 (0.74, 1.22) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.97) | 5.41 ± 0.17 |
| Birth with Cesarean operation | |||||
| No | 57.40 (38.50, 93.90) | 1.60 (1.08, 2.61) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.23) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.96) | 5.36 ± 0.20 |
| Yes | 60.60 (41.55, 96.85) | 1.69 (1.15, 2.74) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.25) | 0.68 (0.48, 0.96) | 5.37 ± 0.18 |
| Breast-feeding | |||||
| No | 65.20 (40.50, 106.00) | 1.78 (1.13, 2.90) | 0.95 (0.8, 1.24) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.95) | 5.38 ± 0.18 |
| Yes | 59.50 (39.10, 96.20) | 1.62 (1.07, 2.72) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.23) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.96) | 5.38 ± 0.19 |
|
| |||||
| Socioeconomic measures | |||||
| Income, Yuan/year | |||||
| ∼50,000 | 56.20 (38.35, 90.00)af | 1.57 (1.07, 2.55)af | 0.96 (0.75, 1.26) | 0.66 (0.48, 1.00) | 5.38 ± 0.20 |
| ∼150,000 | 60.50 (40.00, 94.80)a | 1.64 (1.07, 2.64)a | 0.93 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.66 (0.48, 0.93) | 5.36 ± 0.19 |
| >150,000 | 63.85 (42.60, 106.45)b | 1.79 (1.19, 3.09)b | 0.94 (0.73, 1.22) | 0.66 (0.48, 0.96) | 5.38 ± 0.17 |
| Marriage status | |||||
| Double parents | 59.90 (40.40, 96.20) | 1.67 (1.13, 2.70) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.24)g | 0.67 (0.48, 0.96) | 5.37 ± 0.19 |
| Single parents | 61.90 (40.10, 91.20) | 1.67 (1.11, 2.59) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.30) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.05) | 5.35 ± 0.22 |
| Mother's education, y | |||||
| ∼9 | 56.10 (36.90, 93.50)af | 1.59 (0.97, 2.55)af | 0.94 (0.73, 1.25) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.97) | 5.37 ± 0.18 |
| ∼12 | 58.20 (40.40, 92.60)ab | 1.62 (1.14, 2.62)ab | 0.93 (0.76, 1.23) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.96) | 5.38 ± 0.20 |
| ≥15 | 63.85 (43.60, 100.25)b | 1.76 (1.22, 2.90)b | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) | 0.68 (0.49, 0.95) | 5.36 ± 0.20 |
| Father's education, y | |||||
| ∼9 | 54.85 (36.90, 90.60)af | 1.52 (0.97, 2.48)af | 0.93 (0.74, 1.22) | 0·65 (0.48, 0.94) | 5.38 ± 0.19 |
| ∼12 | 58.95 (40.50, 92.00)a | 1.62 (1.15, 2.65)a | 0.94 (0.74, 1.22) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.96) | 5.38 ± 0.18 |
| ≥15 | 64.40 (42.35, 105.70)b | 1.80 (1.17, 3.00)b | 0.97 (0.76, 1.26) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.97) | 5.36 ± 0.20 |
| Mother's occupation | |||||
| Manager | 71.90 (43.10, 127.80) | 1.93 (1.16, 3.27) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.31) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.03) | 5.39 ± 0.22 |
| Worker | 60.50 (39.80, 92.60) | 1.67 (1.09, 2.66) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.26) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.97) | 5.38 ± 0.18 |
| Technician/researcher | 62.50 (45.50, 92.65) | 1.73 (1.38, 2.72) | 1.01 (0.7, 1.19) | 0.68 (0.46, 0.84) | 5.33 ± 0.15 |
| Farmer | 57.60 (39.70, 96.70) | 1.64 (1.09, 2.70) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.26) | 0.66 (0.48, 0.98) | 5.36 ± 0.19 |
| Other | 58.20 (40.00, 96.90) | 1.61 (1.13, 2.65) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.92) | 5.37 ± 0.19 |
| Father's occupation | |||||
| Manager | 65.60 (41.90, 96.85) | 1.81 (1.17, 2.78) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.24) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.91) | 5.40 ± 0.20 |
| Worker | 58.65 (38.90, 89.90) | 1.62 (1.05, 2.55) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.97) | 5.37 ± 0.19 |
| Technician/researcher | 61.10 (39.50, 116.30) | 1.69 (1.07, 3.39) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 0.69 (0.46, 0.96) | 5.34 ± 0.23 |
| Farmer | 57.00 (40.10, 94.80) | 1.62 (1.14, 2.67) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.28) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.98) | 5.38 ± 0.19 |
| Other | 60.05 (40.70, 99.50) | 1.69 (1.16, 2.83) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.95) | 5.37 ± 0.16 |
a,b,cDifference of post hoc analyses among groups; different letters mean the difference existed between two groups. dNatural logarithmic transformation was used to calculate the Pvalue. e932 samples were included. fP < 0.01; gP < 0.05. SGA: small for gestational age, GA: gestational age, LGA: large for gestational age.