Table 6.

Comparison of surgical operations ($\overline{\text{x}}$ ± s, %).

Items groups	Research group	Control group
Image and operation direction	Not in the same direction	In the same direction
Surgical operation control	Requires two-person pairing control	One person can perform the operation
Imaging	Magnify 3–5 times, 2D plane	Magnify 10–15 times, 3D
Flexibility	No articulations, 4 directions of adjustments	Simulated wrist robot with 7 directions of adjustments
Operational precision	Control with hands	Control with robotic arms
Stability	Natural trembling of the human hand	No trembling
Surgical posture	Standing, low comfort	Sitting, high comfort