Table 2.

Bedtime use of mobile phones and/or wireless devices: longitudinal findings

Study	Sample size (n), Study design	Age group, Gender distribution	Mobile phone & wireless devices measure	Mental Health measure	Findings of Interest	Covariates controlled for	Quality assessment
Vernon, et al. [60] Australia	N = 1101 Baseline 2010 3-years follow-up	Mean age: 13.5 (SD = NA) 57% female	Night-time MP use (text messages or phone calls) measured with a 6-point scale question	Internalising: - Depressed mood: 5 items measured with a 6-point Likert scale for frequency of symptoms Externalizing: - Externalizing behaviour: 7 items measured with a 8-point Likert scale for frequency of symptoms Wellbeing: - Self-Esteem: 3 items measured with a 6-point Likert scale for frequency of symptoms - Coping: One item from the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised	Initial night-time MP use directly associated with initial depressed mood, externalizing behaviours, decreased self-esteem and not with coping ability. Changes in night-time MP use significantly associated with subsequent changes self-esteem, externalizing behaviour and coping, but not depressed mood Indirect total effect size ratio from bootstrapped mediation analysis estimated that all well-being outcomes were mediated by both initial sleep problems and the change in sleep problems. Proportion of mediated effect for depressed mood was 77% mediated by initial sleep problems and 73% mediated by changes in sleep. Externalizing behaviour was 33% mediated by initial sleep as well as changes in sleep. Both coping and self-esteem had a high proportion of mediated effect by initial sleep (91 and 83% respectively) and by changes in sleep (50 and 60% respectively)	Sex, age, SES, sleep behaviours	Low risk of bias