Table 1. Current status of worldwide intranasal vaccine candidates.
| Products name | Developer | Delivery platforms | Mechanism against COVID-19 | Current status | Country of origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NONS | SaNOtize | NORS targets upper airways | S protein adhesion as well as viral RNA production are reduced. | Phase 3 completed | Canada |
| Beyond Air | Lung Fit | S protein adhesion as well as viral RNA production are reduced. | FDA approval pending | USA | |
| Vero Biotech LLC | GeNOsyl Chronic DS | S protein adhesion as well as viral RNA production are reduced. | FDA approval for emergency | Georgia | |
| Inhalation nebulizer suspension powder | APEPTICO | synthesized peptide solnatide | Repairs the pulmonary alveolar endothelial–epithelial barrier | Ongoing phase 3 | Australia |
| Micronized cellulose powder | Nasus Pharma | Taffix spray | Blocks viruses with nasal mucosa | Approved | Israel |
| polysaccharides-containing nasal spray | University of Brimingham | Mucoadhesive nasal spray | Prevents spread of virus and shield the lining of respiratory system | Approved | UK |
| Inhaled mRNA-based antibody | Neurimmune and Ethris | SNIM RNA technology | Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies | Phase 2 | Germany |
| Peptide KL4 surfactant (Sinapultide) | Windtree Therapeutics Inc. | AEROSURF delivery technology | Lowers the occurrence of nasal continuous positive airway pressure | Phase 2 | USA |
| Alvesco HFA inhaler | Covis Pharma | Ciclesonide | Inhibits the viral responses\replication | Phase 3 | Luxemburg |
| Nasal spray | Marinomed Biotech | Carragelose spray | Encases viral particles | Phase 2 | Australia |
| Peptide Nebulization | NeuroRX Inc. | Aviptadil synthetic vasoactive polypeptide | SARS-CoV-2 replication is inhibited & cytokine production is prevented | FDA emergency use IND authorization | USA |
| Leukine sargramostim nebuliser | Partner Therapeutics | iLeukPulm | For acute hypoxemia in COVID-19 | Phase 2 | USA |
| Neuroactive spray | VistaGen Therapeutics Inc. | PH94B | Reduces anxiety by activating synaptic pathways | Phase 3 | USA |
| Anti-IL-6 receptor nebulized monoclonal antibody | Tiziana Life sciences, UK & STC Biologics, USA, and Sciarra Laboratories, USA | TZLS-501 | Depletes circulating levels of interleukin 6 in blood | Phase 1 | USA and UK |
| Nebulized Aspartyl- alanyl diketopiperazine | Ampio Pharmaceuticals | Ampion | Interrupts inflammatory response & respiratory disease associated with COVID-19 | Phase 2 | USA |
| Nebulised Interferon beta | Synairgen | SNF001 | Up regulates pulmonary antiviral defenses | Phase 2 | UK |
| Nasal spray | Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Zavegepant (BHV-3500) | Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist | Phase 2/3 | USA |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; IND, Investigational New Drug.