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. 2022 Jun 15;5:589. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03446-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Significantly lower swim speed in Mkln1^–/– mice during water maze training (genotype: F(1,26) = 24.91, P < 0.0001). b Mice from both genotype groups demonstrate equal distance (path length) to reach a visible (Cued) escape platform. Training in the hidden platform task (Acquisition) to assess spatial reference memory revealed clear learning across 7 days of training in both genotype groups (days: F(6,156) = 20.94, P < 0.0001). However, swim path length was significantly shorter in Mkln1^–/– mice compared with the Mkln1^+/+ control group (genotype: F(1,26) = 6.97, P < 0.05). c The proportion of swim track (% path length in individual quadrants during the probe trial. Both genotype groups showed significant spatial bias for the target quadrant (quadrant: F(3,78) = 8.86, P < 0.0001) that different significantly from chance as depicted by the dashed line (one-sample t-test against 25% random search: ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01). d Proximity to the escape platform throughout the probe trial. This is indexed as the mean cumulative distance between the mouse and target center, which was significantly shorter for Mkln1^–/– mice relative to Mkln1^+/+ controls (genotype: F(1,26) = 5.87, P < 0.05). e Scheme depicting the cued fear conditioning paradigm to examine associative fear learning and extinction of fear memories. Fear acquisition in context A; extinction training and recall in a novel and neutral context B; test for fear renewal in context A. f Both genotypes show equivalent freezing levels to the discrete CS-tone during conditioned fear acquisition. g Percent time freezing to non-reinforced trials during extinction training. Mkln1^–/– mice showed significantly lower freezing responses across five extinction sessions compared with Mkln1^+/+ mice (genotype: F(1,34) = 5.27, P < 0.05). h Assessment of freezing responses at the outset of each extinction session (first CS trial) shows significant attenuation of spontaneous fear recovery in Mkln1^–/– mice with continued extinction training (days × genotype: F(4,136) = 4.28, P < 0.01) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test for pairwise comparisons (*P < 0.05). i Enhanced long-term extinction memory recall in Mkln1^–/– mice compared with Mkln1^+/+ mice (genotype: F(1,34) = 5.29, P < 0.05). j Return of fear through contextual renewal was significantly lower in Mkln1^–/– mice (genotype: F(1,34) = 4.54, P < 0.05). Data related to (a–d) (Mkln1^+/+ (N = 15: M = 8, F = 7); Mkln1^–/– (N = 15: M = 8, F = 7); e–j (Mkln1^+/+ (N = 19: M = 8, F = 11); Mkln1^–/– (N = 19: M = 7, F = 12). Data are presented as means ± SEM.