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. 2022 Jun 15;12:9371. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13568-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temperature trends based on instrumental observations and ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses. (a) The location of the main stations and main regions in the study. (b) Linear trends for annual SAT series and reanalyses for the period 2001–2020. Bar colours follow the colour scale for SAT in Fig. 2. If available, the SAT trends over the 1981–2020 and 1991–2020 periods are additionally shown as dotted and solid grey line bars, respectively. On the right hand side of the bar plots, the ERA5 and CARRA reanalyses are shown as thin and thick bars, respectively. In addition, SAT trends for ERA5 for the Arctic (i.e. north of 65° latitude) and global mean are shown. The map in a was generated using Python version 3.6 (http://www.python.org) including pyresample 1.19.