Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Dec 16;92(1):25–33. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.11.025

Figure 1. Generalized summary data-based Mendelian randomization (GSMR) analysis to test for effect of depression on AD and vice versa.

Figure 1.

(A) GSMR plot of effect sizes of all the genetic instruments from GWAS for depression against those for AD with HEIDI-outlier filtering. (B) GSMR results of depression liability on AD. The forward GSMR analysis included 115 SNPs associated with depression at a genome-wide significance level (i.e., p < 5e-8). (C) GSMR results of AD liability on depression. The reverse GSMR analysis on 61 AD SNPs (at p < 5e-8) as the instrumental variables. Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold for 2 tests: p < 0.05/2. Bold represents a significant p-value. Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer’s disease; SNP: number of single nucleotide polymorphisms included in each GSMR analysis; β: effect size; pGSMR: p-value for the causal estimates.