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. 2022 Jun 15;12:75. doi: 10.1186/s13568-022-01417-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Cell viability after treatment with Echinacea and Arctium extracts and the formulation after 24 and 48 h. A The HDFa cells viability of Echinacea purpurea: There were no significant differences with the control group for 0.312 mg/ml concentrations and lower after 24 h (p > 0.05). This threshold for an incubation time of 48 h would be 0.625 mg/ml. B The HEK cells viability of Echinacea purpurea: There were no significant differences with the control group for the concentrations of 0.625 mg/ml and lower after 24 h (p > 0.05). This threshold for an incubation time of 48 h would be 0.156 mg/ml. C The HDFa cells viability of Arctium lappa: There were no significant differences with the control group for 1.25 mg/ml and lower after 24 h (p > 0.05). This threshold for an incubation time of 48 h would be 2.5 mg/ml. D The HEK cells viability of Arctium lappa: There were no significant differences with the control group for all tested concentrations after 24 or 48 h (p > 0.05)