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. 2022 Jun 15;12:9919. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12980-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Knosp grade and medial wall invasion frequency as reported by Knosp and colleagues compared to invasion frequencies exhibited in the current study among all adenomas and then among somatotroph adenomas. Representative MRI images from case examples of somatotrophs in our current series stratified by Knosp grade. Knosp criteria were applied based on carotid tangents and each grade is represented by a coronal T1 MRI scan with gadolinium capturing the extent of cavernous sinus invasion.