Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and birth outcomes.
| Factor | Fertile NC | Infertile NC | Female factor ART | Male factor ART | P | Pi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,577 | 181 | 6,335 | 1,801 | ||
| Female age (y), mean (SD)abce | 28.9 ± 4.3 | 32.3 ± 3.6 | 31.7 ± 4.4 | 30.4 ± 4.5 | <0.001f | – |
| Female BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)abc | 23.6 ± 3.7 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 23.0 ± 3.4 | 22.9 ± 3.5 | <0.001f | – |
| Male age (y), mean (SD)abcde | 30.1 ± 4.7 | 33.2 ± 4.1 | 31.9 ± 4.7 | 31.4 ± 5.2 | <0.001f | – |
| Male BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)abc | 24.7 ± 3.6 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 25.8 ± 4.1 | <0.001f | – |
| Parity (n, %) | ||||||
| ≥2c | 17 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | 44 (0.7%) | 5 (0.3%) | 0.021g | – |
| 1 | 252 (16.0%) | 25 (13.8%) | 967 (15.3%) | 268 (14.9%) | 0.772h | – |
| 0 | 1,308 (82.9%) | 154 (85.1%) | 5,324 (84.0%) | 1,528 (84.8%) | 0.489h | – |
| Previous preterm birth (n, %) | 24 (1.5%) | 4 (2.2%) | 126 (2.0%) | 38 (2.1%) | 0.564g | – |
| GDM, (n, %)bc | 63 (4.0%) | 9 (5.0%) | 399 (6.3%) | 112 (6.2%) | 0.003g | – |
| PIH, (n, %)bcde | 45.7 (2.9%) | 3 (1.7%) | 285 (4.5%) | 79 (4.4%) | 0.009g | – |
| Gestational age (week), mean (SD)abe | 39.3 ± 1.5 | 38.8 ± 1.4 | 39.0 ± 1.6 | 39.2 ± 1.6 | <0.001j | 0.023 |
| Birth weight (g), mean (SD)b | 3,405 ± 494 | 3,441 ± 500 | 3,443 ± 526 | 3,406 ± 498 | 0.009f | 0.976 |
| Birth weight Z-score, mean (SD)b | 0.41 ± 1.09 | 0.63 ± 1.16 | 0.61 ± 1.13 | 0.46 ± 1.06 | <0.001f | 0.415 |
| Preterm birth (n, %)b | 63 (4.0%) | 12 (6.4%) | 412 (6.5%) | 92 (5.1%) | 0.002h | – |
| Low birth weight (n, %) | 50 (3.2%) | 5 (2.8%) | 215 (3.4%) | 52 (2.9%) | 0.723h | – |
| Small for gestational age (n, %) | 73 (4.6%) | 3 (1.7%) | 241 (3.8%) | 65 (3.6%) | 0.220h | – |
| Large for gestational age (n, %)b | 322 (20.4%) | 38 (21.0%) | 1,533 (24.2%) | 369 (20.5%) | 0.001h | – |
NC, naturally conceived; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; SGA, small for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age.
aP < 0.05 for the comparison between fertile NC and infertile NC.
bP < 0.05 for the comparison between fertile NC and female factor ART.
cP < 0.05 for the comparison between fertile NC and male factor ART.
dP < 0.05 for the comparison between infertile NC and female factor ART.
eP < 0.05 for the comparison between infertile NC and male factor ART.
fWelch ANOVA test for difference of all groups and Games–Howell test for differences between groups.
gFisher’s exact test for variance.
hChi-square for variance.
iP value for interaction test (between ART treatment and female infertility).
jOne-way analysis of variance for difference of all groups and Tukey post-hoc test for differences between groups.