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Adaptive immune response to mRNA vaccines. In the case of mRNAs encoding antigens, mRNA vaccines exert immunological effects mainly through adaptive immune responses. After mRNA vaccination, the encoded proteins will be translated and taken up by APCs, which present the antigens to CD4+ T cells via MHC II and cross-present them to MHC I on CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells can enhance the antitumor effects of B cells.
