Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample at T1.
| Variablesa | HC | T2DM | MDD | BD | SZ | Statistical analyses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 28) | (n = 30) | (n = 35) | (n = 42) | (n = 30) | F(p)e | Post hoc testg | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||||
| Sexb, f, h | 18(64%) | 9(30%) | 24(68%) | 21(50%) | 7(23%) | 20.1**** | SZ,T2DM < HC,MDD SZ < BD |
| Age | 36.6(14.5) | 57.3(9.3) | 47.3(11.8) | 50.0(9.5) | 40.8(10.7) | 15.3**** | HC < MDD,BD,T2DM SZ,MDD < T2DM SZ < BD |
| Years of education | 16.1(3.3) | 12.5(5.8) | 11.9(4.3) | 11.6(4.4) | 10.4(3.3) | 7.1**** | SZ,BD,MDD,T2DM < HC |
| Clinical | |||||||
| BMI | 24.9(5.1) | 30.4(4.3) | 28.6(5.8) | 29.7(5.7) | 31.9(5.4) | 6.9**** | HC < BD,T2DM,SZ |
| HDRSc | 2.0(1.8) | 3.9(3.9) | 11.6(8.3) | 6.4(4.4) | 7.0(5.8) | 14.2**** | HC < BD,SZ,MDD T2DM,BD,SZ < MDD |
| YMRSc | 0.8(1.6) | 1.5(2.2) | 1.9(2.6) | 3.5(4.5) | 3.2(4.9) | 3.4** | HC < BD |
| PANSS-Pc | 7.0(0.0) | 7.0(0.0) | 7.0(0.3) | 8.5(3.8) | 10.6(4.3) | 10.6**** | HC,T2DM,MDD,BD < SZ |
| PANSS-Nc | 7.0(0.0) | 7.1(0.7) | 8.4(4.9) | 10.3(6.5) | 18.6(10.1) | 20.1**** | HC,T2DM,MDD,BD < SZ |
| PANSS-Gc | 16.0(0.0) | 17.0(2.3) | 19.8(8.6) | 22.7(9.9) | 31.8(12.7) | 16.9**** | HC,T2DM,MDD,BD < SZ HC < BD |
| CGIc | – | 1.9(1.0) | 3.3(1.2) | 3.5(0.7) | 4.5(1.0) | 31.3**** | T2DM,MDD,BD < SZ T2DM < MDD,BD |
| Age of onsetd | – | 44.3(9.8) | 35.3(12.1) | 26.5(8.6) | 25.6(8.0) | 25.6**** | SZ,BD < MDD,T2DM MDD < T2DM |
| Illness durationd | – | 13.0(9.0) | 12.0(11.6) | 23.4(11.5) | 15.2(8.4) | 9.6**** | MDD,T2DM,SZ < BD |
a
Expressed as mean (SD) except when indicated,
b
Female n (%).
c
Lower scores represent a better outcome.
d
Years.
e
ANOVA.
f
Chi-squared test.
g
Bonferroni test.
h
Mann–Whitney U test. T1, Time 1; HC, Healthy Control; T2DM, Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus; MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; BD, Bipolar Disorder; SZ, Schizophrenia; BMI, Body Mass Index; HDRS, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; P, Positive; N, Negative; G, General; CGI, Clinical Global Impression. ANOVA, Analysis of variance. NS, Not Significant.
(**
p ≤ 0.01;
****
p ≤ 0.0001).