TABLE 5.
Reported evidence of reducing toxic and side effects of tamoxifen.
| Adverse effects of TAM | Herb | Evidence | Dosage of tamoxifen | Dosage of herb | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hot flushes | Cimicifuga Racemose (BNO 1055) | Clinical research (intervention group, n = 90) (Hernández Muñoz & Pluchino, 2003) | 20 mg per day orally | 20 mg herbal drug | Reduce the number and severity of hot flushes |
| Prospective observational study (n = 50) (Rostock et al., 2011) | 20–80 mg herbal drug | Reduce the total MRS II score and improve hot flashes, sweating, sleep problems, and anxiety | |||
| Endometrial lesions | Dang-Qui | Population-based study (intervention group, n = 77)Wu et al. (2014) | - | - | Reduce the hazard ratio for the development of endometrial cancer |
| CHPs containing coumestrol, genistein, and/or daidzein | Population-based study (intervention group, n = 9,652) (Hu et al., 2015) | Negatively correlate with subsequent endometrial cancer risk | |||
| CHPs | Population-based study (intervention group, n = 20,466) (Tsai et al., 2014) | Decrease the risk of subsequent endometrial cancer | |||
| JEKHT a | Animal research, SD rats (De Oliveira Andrade et al., 2019) | 15 mg/kg | 500 mg/kg | Prevented the development of premalignant endometrial lesions | |
| Liver damage | PFDB | Animal research, SD rats (Rahate & Rajasekaran, 2015) | 45 mg/kg | 100, 200 mg/kg | Reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, the lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue, and hepatocellular necrosis |
| GTE | Animal research, Albino rats (El-Beshbishy, 2005a) | 45 mg/kg | Orally administered 1.5% GTE as the sole source of drinking water | Scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress induced by TAM intoxication | |
| Dried apple enriched with mandarin juice | Animal research, Wistar rats (Codoñer-Franch et al., 2013) | 1.54 mg/kg, three times a day | 0.745 g/day | Decrease aminotransferases, CGs, and 8OHdG and increase α-tocopherol | |
| Dimethyl Dimethoxy Biphenyl Dicarboxylate | Animal research, Albino rats (El-Beshbishy, 2005b) | 45 mg/kg | 200 mg/kg | Increase antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) and reduce glutathione concomitant with significant decrements in TBARS and liver transaminases, sGPT and sGOT levels |
a
JEKHT: composed Paeonia (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), Korean angelica root (Angelica gigas Nakai), Asparagi Tuber (Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.), White atractylis (Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.), R. glutinosa (Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC.), dried orange peel (Citrus aurantium L.), Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge), Phellodendron bark (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.), Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)