TABLE 2.
Group differences in gait features between DMD at baseline and TD, and results from MWU-test.
| Median (Q1-Q3) |
MWU-test |
||
| Variables | DMD | TD | BH corrected p-value |
| Cadence (steps/s) | 2.25 (2.01–2.40) | 2.21 (1.97–2.47) | 0.4639 |
| WVnorm (/) | 0.40 (0.37–0.43) | 0.46 (0.43–0.51) | 0.0036* |
| SWnorm (/) | 0.28 (0.24–0.30) | 0.16 (0.11–0.19) | 0.0036* |
| SLnorm (/) | 0.74 (0.70–0.79) | 0.77 (0.74–0.85) | 0.0281* |
| Gait profile score (°) | 6.81 (5.13–8.37) | 5.21 (4.87–6.57) | 0.0924 |
| Max anterior pelvic tilt (°) | 16.36 (14.30–19.03) | 11.64 (8.69–15.26) | 0.0047* |
| ROM pelvic obliquity (°) | 9.62 (7.50–13.32) | 7.42 (6.97–9.20) | 0.0502 |
| ROM pelvic rotation (°) | 14.41 (9.96–17.18) | 14.93 (11.21–17.49) | 0.7535 |
| Min hip flex angle stance (°) | −3.08 (−7.68 to 3.77) | −10.13 (−13.32 to −6.84) | 0.0006* |
| Max hip flex angle swing (°) | 41.81 (34.67–49.01) | 34.12 (29.19–37.89) | 0.0018* |
| ROM hip sagittal plane (°) | 42.70 (38.90–46.95) | 45.42 (41.02–47.77) | 0.2578 |
| Max hip ext mom stance (Nm/kg) | 0.507 (0.388–0.688) | 1.098 (0.699–1.319) | 0.0012* |
| Min hip ext mom stance (Nm/kg) | −0.698 (−0.789 to −0.516) | −0.904 (−1.068 to −0.772) | 0.0009* |
| Max hip power stance (W/kg) | 0.440 (0.334–0.775) | 0.665 (0.445–1.094) | 0.0554 |
| Min hip add angle stance (°) | −6.79 (−8.36 to −3.96) | −4.92 (−6.29 to −2.92) | 0.0501 |
| Min hip add angle swing (°) | −9.45 (−11.38 to −8.03) | −6.50 (−7.14 to −5.34) | 0.0018* |
| Max hip abd mom stance (Nm/kg) | 0.559 (0.443–0.735) | 0.648 (0.581–0.723) | 0.0582 |
| Max knee flex angle stance (°) | 35.02 (33.16–39.36) | 35.55 (28.03–40.28) | 0.7722 |
| Min knee flex angle stance (°) | 9.06 (3.86–12.31) | 3.65 (−2.54–7.62) | 0.0070* |
| ROM knee sagittal plane stance (°) | 28.01 (24.31–30.70) | 30.72 (28.06–33.23) | 0.0070* |
| Max knee flex angle swing (°) | 69.48 (64.38–74.45) | 64.75 (60.05–67.84) | 0.0038* |
| Max knee ext mom stance (Nm/kg) | 0.414 (0.337–0.490) | 0.512 (0.325–0.663) | 0.1263 |
| Min knee ext mom stance (Nm/kg) | −0.049 (−0.120 to 0.022) | −0.207 (−0.334 to −0.157) | 0.0007* |
| Dorsiflex angle IC (°) | 0.80 (−3.61 to 4.07) | 0.77 (−1.70 to 3.77) | 0.9586 |
| Max dorsiflex angle stance (°) | 15.09 (11.34–17.20) | 12.53 (9.47–16.55) | 0.3147 |
| Max dorsiflex angle swing (°) | 5.31 (0.02–6.95) | 5.27 (2.56–8.35) | 0.4202 |
| Min plantar flex mom LR (Nm/kg) | −0.050 (−0.088 to −0.008) | −0.127 (−0.184 to −0.069) | 0.0012* |
| Max plantar flex mom PO (Nm/kg) | 0.976 (0.864–1.185) | 1.318 (1.141–1.446) | 0.0009* |
| Min ankle power LR (W/kg) | −0.501 (−0.941 to −0.265) | −0.467 (−0.605 to −0.349) | 0.9128 |
| Max ankle power PO (W/kg) | 3.022 (2.271–3.384) | 3.973 (3.100–4.386) | 0.0020* |
| Max int foot prog angle stance (°) | −7.96 (−11.96 to −3.13) | 0.11 (−4.16 to 4.22) | 0.0005* |
The asterisks (*) indicate significance level at BH corrected p-value < 0.05. abd, abduction; add, adduction; BH, Benjamini-Hochberg procedure; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; dorsiflex, dorsiflexion; ext, extension; flex, flexion; IC, initial contact; int, internal; LR, loading response; Max, maximal; Min, minimal; mom, moment; MWU, Mann-Whitney U; PO, push-off; prog, progression; ROM, range of motion; SLnorm, normalized step length; SWnorm, normalized step width; TD, typically developing; WVnorm, normalized walking velocity.