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. 2022 Jun 16;13:3466. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31142-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — PBMCs collected from study participants (n = 10) pre-vaccination (day 0), day 28 post-vaccination (7 days post-boost) were individually by mass cytometry in one setting to avoid batch effects, and data were concatenated for analysis of expanded B-cell subsets and plasmablasts. A B cells from 10 participants were pooled into two sets, one for pre-vaccination (taken at day 0) and one for post-vaccination (day 28). Cell density for each set is shown on the t-SNE axes. B T-REX analysis of the B cells from the 10 participants is shown. A central t-SNE, performed only using cell surface markers, shaded by T-REX change depicts phenotypically similar cells in regions of great expansion (dark red, ≥95% from post-vaccination day 28) or great contraction (dark blue, ≥95% from pre-) over time following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Red or blue population interpretations are shown for major expanding or contracting populations identified by T-REX. C MEM labels show enriched protein features for several populations of great expansion or contraction. All measured features were included in MEM enrichment labels, which only show features enriched by at least +4 on a scale from 0 to 10. A pink box is around the MEM label for the plasmablast cluster that expanded greatly following vaccination. D Each protein marker is shown on t-SNE axes, with proteins that were enriched on the plasmablast population in pink boxes. A rainbow intensity scale indicates expression levels with red representing high and dark blue representing low expression. Protein names in blue indicate functional features that were not used in t-SNE analysis, including metabolic markers, Rhodium, and Ki67. Surface proteins in black were used in t-SNE analysis. E Heat maps show all markers measured by mass cytometry for cell populations as determined by T-REX or expert gating. Cell labels in red were defined by T-REX as expanding and blue were defined as contracting by T-REX. Black cell labels were expert gated. Protein markers enriched in plasmablasts are indicated with pink arrows.