Table 1.
Main characteristics of all lung cancer included studies.
| Histological subtype | Author/year/reference | Ethnicity | Patient number | Staining method | Assessment method/cutoff | Field of view | HR (95% CI) | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSCC | Taira, 2011 (20) | Asian | 237 | H&E Pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3)* | TB-YN >0 | ×200 | OS: 1.597 (1.069–2.384) | 8 |
| Masuda, 2012 (18) | Asian | 103 | H&E | TB-YN >0 | ×200 | OS: 2.766 (1.497–5.109) | 8 | |
| Kadota (1), 2014 (16) | Caucasian | 485 | H&E | TB-1HPF ≥10 | ×200 | OS: 1.33 (1.03–1.70) | 8 | |
| Weichert, 2015 (22) | Caucasian | 440 | H&E | TB-YN >0 TB-1HPF ≥5 TB-10HPF ≥15 | ×400 (0.24 mm2) | OS:2.40 (1.42–4.04) DFS: 1.60 (1.04–2.46) | 8 | |
| Zhao, 2015 (24) | Asian | 132 | H&E | TB-YN >0 | ×400 | OS: 0.466 (0.272–0.799) | 7 | |
| Kadota (3), 2017 (25) | Asian | 216 | H&E | TB-1HPF ≥10 | ×200 | DFS: 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | 7 | |
| Neppl, 2020 (19) | Caucasian | 354 | H&E and Pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3)** | TB-1HPF ≥5 | ×200 (0.785 mm2) | OS: 1.581(1.186–2.108) DFS: 1.710(1.11–2.632) PFS: 1.457(1.123–1.89) | 7 | |
| LADC | Yamaguchi, 2010 (23) | Asian | 665 | H&E Pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3)* | TB-1HPF ≥5 | ×200 | OS: 1.872 (1.062–3.298) | 8 |
| Kadota (2), 2015 (17) | Caucasian | 1,038 | H&E | TB-1HPF ≥5 | ×200 | OS: 1.61 (1.13–2.29) | 8 | |
| Ammour, 2017 (28) | Caucasian | 12 (3)† | Pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3)† | – | ×200 | – | 2 | |
| Vasilijević, 2021 (21) | Caucasian | 114 | H&E | TB-YN >0 | ×200 | OS: 1.47 (0.80–2.71) | 7 |
EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition; HR, hazard ratio; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa score system; LADC, lung adenocarcinoma; LSCC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; Mag., magnification; TB, tumor budding; AC, adjuvant chemotherapy; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; PFS, progression-free survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; IHC, immunohistochemistry. *Pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) is used to assist in assessing tumor budding. **Authors compare the assessment methods for tumor budding between H&E and pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3). †Ammour et al. collect pancreatic cancers, breast cancers, colorectal cancers, and lung cancers (3 cases in each cancer); three-dimensional reconstruction of slides was performed for the evaluation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and histomorphological characteristics.