Table 2.
Antimicrobial effect of ZnO nanoparticles tested in vitro.
| Size | S | Modification | Bacterial strain | G | Order | Pat. | MIC | IZ | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nm | mg/mL | mm | |||||||
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Salmonella typhimurium | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 6E-04 | ||
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Listeria monocytogenes | G+ | Bacillales | P | 7E-04 | ||
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Enterococcus faecium | G+ | Lactobacillales | C | 8E-04 | (132) | |
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Aeromonas hydrophila | G- | Aeromonadales | P | 8E-04 | ||
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Bacillus cereus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 9E-04 | (133) | |
| 17 | CR | Salmonella typhimurium | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.002 | |||
| 90 | GS | Garcinia cambogia | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.002 | 17 | |
| 90 | GS | Garcinia cambogia | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.002 | 18 | |
| 90 | GS | Garcinia cambogia | Proteus vulgaris | G- | Enterobacterales | C | 0.002 | 14 | (134) |
| 90 | GS | Garcinia cambogia | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | G- | Pseudomonadales | P | 0.002 | 15 | |
| 17 | CR | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.005 | (133) | ||
| 17 | CR | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.005 | |||
| 275 | GS | H. triquetrifolium | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.005 | (135) | |
| 17 | CR | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | G- | Pseudomonadales | P | 0.007 | (133) | ||
| 50 | CO | Streptococcus pyogenes | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.01 | (136) | ||
| 20 | CR | Streptococcus mutans | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.01 | 16 | ||
| 20 | CR | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.01 | 14 | ||
| 20 | CR | Lactobacillus fermentum | G+ | Lactobacillales | PR | 0.01 | 10 | ||
| 40 | CR | Streptococcus mutans | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.01 | 14 | (137) | |
| 40 | CR | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.01 | 13 | ||
| 40 | CR | Lactobacillus fermentum | G+ | Lactobacillales | PR | 0.01 | 9 | ||
| 140 | CR | Streptococcus mutans | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.01 | 12 | ||
| 140 | CR | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.01 | 12 | ||
| 140 | CR | Lactobacillus fermentum | G+ | Lactobacillales | PR | 0.01 | 8 | (138) | |
| 17 | CO | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.017 | (133) | ||
| 18 | CR | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.02 | 10 | ||
| 18 | CR | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | 0.02 | 10 | ||
| 18 | CR | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.02 | 13 | (138) | |
| 18 | CR | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.02 | 18 | ||
| 275 | GS | H. triquetrifolium | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.02 | ||
| 50 | GS | Crocus sativus L. | Salmonella typhimurium | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.02 | 12 | |
| 50 | GS | Crocus sativus L. | Listeria monocytogenes | G+ | Bacillales | P | 0.02 | ND | (139) |
| 50 | GS | Crocus sativus L. | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.02 | 11 | |
| 29.5 | BS | L. plantarum | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.03 | (140) | |
| 44.5 | BS | Pseudomonas putida | Bacillus cereus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.03 | ||
| 17 | CO | Salmonella typhimurium | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.034 | (141) | ||
| 17 | CO | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | G- | Pseudomonadales | P | 0.041 | (133) | ||
| 17 | CO | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.047 | |||
| 50 | CR | Bacillus subtilis | G+ | Bacillales | C | 0.05 | (142) | ||
| NA | Lactobacillus fermentum | G+ | Lactobacillales | PR | 0.05 | ||||
| 30 | CO | Lactobacillus plantarum | G+ | Lactobacillales | PR | 0.05 | (143) | ||
| 33.5 | CR | Bacillus subtilis | G+ | Bacillales | C | 0.05 | 6 | ||
| 33.5 | CR | S.aureus (MRSA) | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.05 | 10 | ||
| 33.5 | CR | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.05 | 8 | ||
| 33.5 | CR | Streptococcus mutans | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.05 | 8 | ||
| 33.5 | CR | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | 0.05 | 10 | ||
| 33.5 | CR | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.05 | 10 | ||
| 26.5 | CR | chitosan | Bacillus subtilis | G+ | Bacillales | C | 0.05 | 8 | (144) |
| 26.5 | CR | chitosan | S.aureus (MRSA) | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.05 | 11 | |
| 26.5 | CR | chitosan | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.05 | 10 | |
| 26.5 | CR | chitosan | Streptococcus mutans | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.05 | 10 | |
| 26.5 | CR | chitosan | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | 0.05 | 14 | |
| 26.5 | CR | chitosan | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.05 | 13 | |
| 65 | GS | Prosopis juliflora | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.05 | 20 | (145) |
| 65 | GS | Prosopis juliflora | Bacillus subtilis | G+ | Bacillales | C | 0.05 | 15 | |
| 65 | GS | Prosopis juliflora | Vibrio cholerae | G- | Vibrionales | P | 0.05 | 20 | |
| 29.6 | BS | L. plantarum | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.06 | (140) | |
| 44.5 | BS | Pseudomonas putida | Pseudomonas otitidis | G- | Pseudomonadales | C | 0.06 | ||
| 44.5 | BS | Pseudomonas putida | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.06 | (141) | |
| 30 | GS | Psidium guajava | Escherichia coli (ETEC) | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.06 | 19 | (146) |
| 29.7 | BS | L. plantarum | Salmonella spp. | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.08 | (140) | |
| 44.5 | BS | Pseudomonas putida | Pseudomonas oleovorans | G- | Pseudomonadales | C | 0.09 | (141) | |
| 60 | GS | Pisonia grandis | Bacillus subtilis | G+ | Bacillales | C | 0.1 | 12 | |
| 60 | GS | Pisonia grandis | Micrococcus luteus | G+ | Actinomycetales | C | 0.1 | 16 | (147) |
| 60 | GS | Pisonia grandis | Salmonella paratyphi | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.1 | 14 | |
| 5 | CR | Glucose-1-phosphate | Prevotella intermedia | G- | Bacteroidales | C | 0.1 | (148) | |
| 25 | GS | Ocimum basilicum | Staphylococcus sciuri | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.1 | 14 | |
| 25 | GS | Ocimum basilicum | Salmonella enterica | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.1 | 13 | (149) |
| 25 | GS | Ocimum basilicum | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.1 | 18 | |
| 52 | GS | Cymodocea serrulata | Bacillus subtilis | G+ | Bacillales | C | 0.1 | 18 | (150) |
| 52 | GS | Cymodocea serrulata | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.1 | 15 | |
| 52 | GS | Cymodocea serrulata | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | 0.1 | 15 | |
| 52 | GS | Cymodocea serrulata | Shigella flexneri | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.1 | 14 | |
| 80 | GS | Punica granatum | Bacillus cereus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.1 | (151) | |
| 80 | GS | Punica granatum | Bacillus licheniformis | G+ | Bacillales | PR | 0.1 | ||
| 80 | GS | Punica granatum | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.1 | ||
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Salmonella typhimurium | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.1 | 16 | (152) |
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | G- | Pseudomonadales | P | 0.1 | 17 | |
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | 0.1 | 21 | |
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.1 | 20 | |
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Staphylococcus epidermidis | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.1 | ND | |
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Bacillus cereus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.1 | 14 | |
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.1 | 19 | |
| 8.34 | GS | Ephedra aphylla | Listeria monocytogenes | G+ | Bacillales | P | 0.1 | 20 | |
| 44.5 | BS | Pseudomonas putida | Acinetobacter baumannii | G- | Pseudomonadales | OP | 0.12 | (141) | |
| 5 | CR | Glucose-1-phosphate | Fusobacterium nucleatum | G- | Fusobacteriales | OP | 0.2 | (148, 153) | |
| 5 | CR | PVP | Salmonella enteritidis | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.28 | (154) | |
| 5 | CR | chitosan | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 0.3 | (155) | |
| 56 | GS | PE | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.3 | (153) | |
| 5 | CR | PVP | Listeria monocytogenes | G+ | Bacillales | P | 0.3 | (154) | |
| 56 | GS | PE | Listeria monocytogenes | G+ | Bacillales | P | 0.35 | (60) | |
| 4.45 | CR | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.375 | (154) | ||
| 5 | CR | Chitosan | Lactobacillus fermentum | G+ | Lactobacillales | PR | 0.4 | (156) | |
| 30 | CO | Campylobacter jejuni | G- | Campylobacterales | P | 0.4 | |||
| 30 | CO | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.4 | |||
| 30 | CO | Salmonella enterica | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.4 | |||
| 60 | CR | Aluminum | Enterococcus hirae | G+ | Lactobacillales | P | 0.5 | 10 | (157) |
| 60 | CR | Aluminum | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.5 | 10 | |
| 100 | GS | Triphala extract | Streptococcus mutans | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 0.53 | 23 | (158) |
| 50 | CR | Chitosan | Enterococcus faecium | G+ | Lactobacillales | C | 0.781 | (159) | |
| 5 | CR | Chitosan | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 0.8 | (154) | |
| 45 | GS | O. americanum | Salmonella paratyphi | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 1 | 24 | (160) |
| 45 | GS | O. americanum | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | 1 | 27 | |
| 45 | GS | O. americanum | Clostridium perfringens | G+ | Clostridiales | P | 1 | 30 | |
| 45 | GS | O. americanum | Bacillus cereus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 1 | 25 | (161) |
| 32 | GS | Lactobacillu spp. | Clostridium difficile | G+ | Clostridiales | P | 1 | 21 | |
| 32 | GS | Lactobacillu spp. | Clostridium perfringens | G+ | Clostridiales | P | 1 | 24 | |
| 32 | GS | Lactobacillu spp. | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 1 | 22 | |
| 32 | GS | Lactobacillu spp. | Salmonella typhimurium | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 1 | 20 | |
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 1.25 | (132) | |
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | 1.25 | ||
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 1.25 | ||
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 1.25 | ||
| 57 | GS | Punica granatum | Moraxella catarrhalis | G- | Pseudomonadales | OP | 1.25 | ||
| 12 | CR | PEG | Micrococcus luteus | G+ | Actinomycetales | C | 1.25 | (162) | |
| 4.45 | CR | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | 1.5 | (60) | ||
| 97 | CR | PVP | Micrococcus luteus | G+ | Actinomycetales | C | 2.5 | (162) | |
| 5 | CR | PVP | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 3.2 | (153) | |
| 50 | CR | Chitosan | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 5 | (159) | |
| 27.5 | GS | Brassica rapa | Micrococcus luteus | G+ | Actinomycetales | C | 12.5 | 30 | (163) |
| 27.5 | GS | Brassica rapa | Klebsiella aerogenes | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 25 | 20 | |
| 25 | GS | Euphorbia hirta | Streptococcus mutans | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | 100 | 28 | (164) |
| 25 | GS | Euphorbia hirta | Clostridium absonum | G+ | Clostridiales | C | 100 | 27 | |
| 25 | GS | Euphorbia hirta | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | 100 | 24 | |
| 275 | GS | H. triquetrifolium | Escherichia coli | G- | Enterobacterales | P | <0.1 | ||
| NA | GS | H. triquetrifolium | Klebsiella pneumoniae | G- | Enterobacterales | OP | <0.1 | ||
| 275 | GS | H. triquetrifolium | Acinetobacter baumannii | G- | Pseudomonadales | OP | <0.1 | ||
| 5 | CR | Glucose-1-phosphate | Staphylococcus aureus | G+ | Bacillales | OP | <1 | (148) | |
| 5 | CR | Glucose-1-phosphate | Lactobacillus paracasei | G+ | Lactobacillales | PR | <1 | ||
| 275 | GS | H. triquetrifolium | Listeria ivanovii | G+ | Bacillales | P | ND | (164) | |
| 5 | CR | Chitosan | Enterococcus faecalis | G+ | Lactobacillales | OP | ND | (154) |
S, method of synthesis; G, Gram stain; Pat., Pathogenicity; MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; IZ, inhibition zone; Ref., refference; GS, green synthesis; CR, chemical route synthesis; CO, commercial ZnNPs; BS, biosynthesis; PE, plant extract (Cinnamomum verum, Thymus vulgaris, Syzigium aromaticum).