Table 3.
Effects of parenthood on life satisfaction by stratified labor market group: Gender differences (FE).
| Male | Female | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | s.e. | β | s.e. | |
| (1) Large ·regular·no child (ref: SME·irregular·child) | 0.164*** | (0.039) | 0.229*** | (0.051) |
| (2) Large·regular·child | 0.086*** | (0.030) | 0.097*** | (0.035) |
| (3) Large·irregular·no child | 0.090 | (0.089) | 0.170* | (0.094) |
| (4) Large·irregular·child | 0.065 | (0.046) | 0.052 | (0.039) |
| (5) SME·regular·no child | 0.133*** | (0.034) | 0.140*** | (0.038) |
| (6) SME·regular ·child | 0.069*** | (0.026) | 0.045* | (0.025) |
| (7) SME·irregular ·no child | 0.185*** | (0.055) | 0.136*** | (0.045) |
| Age | −0.029 | (0.018) | 0.010 | (0.021) |
| Age2 | 0.000* | (0.000) | 0.000 | (0.000) |
| Separated (ref: Married) | −0.303*** | (0.104) | −0.085 | (0.084) |
| Divorced | −0.315*** | (0.052) | −0.087* | (0.052) |
| Widowed | −0.088 | (0.215) | −0.347** | (0.159) |
| Subjective health condition | 0.195*** | (0.008) | 0.191*** | (0.012) |
| Middle school graduate (ref: Did not graduate from middle school) | 0.172 | (0.219) | 0.678 | (0.472) |
| High school graduate | 0.229 | (0.289) | 0.635 | (0.520) |
| Graduate of 2-year college | 0.195 | (0.303) | 0.567 | (0.524) |
| Graduate of 4-year college | 0.139 | (0.305) | 0.560 | (0.527) |
| Graduate of graduate school | 0.045 | (0.311) | 0.501 | (0.540) |
| Household income | 0.004 | (0.007) | 0.026** | (0.010) |
| Hourly wage | 0.186*** | (0.021) | 0.067*** | (0.026) |
| Overtime work | −0.002*** | (0.001) | 0.001 | (0.001) |
| Experience | 0.000 | (0.003) | 0.004 | (0.005) |
| Experience2 | 0.000 | (0.000) | 0.000 | (0.000) |
| Public enterprise (ref: Private enterprise) | 0.012 | (0.034) | −0.050 | (0.039) |
| Miscellaneous | 0.057 | (0.119) | 0.119 | (0.094) |
| Constant | 2.166*** | (0.517) | 1.623** | (0.735) |
| sigma_u | 0.382 | 0.479 | ||
| sigma_e | 0.446 | 0.450 | ||
| Rho | 0.423 | 0.531 | ||
| N | 13,953 | 7,993 | ||
| N of group | 2,820 | 2,149 | ||
Source: Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(1st−20th).
*
p < 0.1,
**
p < 0.05,
***
p < 0.01. sigma_u: standard deviation of residuals within groups, sigma_e: standard deviation of residuals (overall error term), Rho.