Table 2.

Summary of fivefold cross validation model results on 20 T1W-NG test images in different models (mean ± SD).

Model	DSC (%)	AVD (%)	HD (mm)	CD (mm)
U-Net	87.29 ± 10.2	9.32 ± 12.03	3.95 ± 2.26	1.87 ± 3.31
Cascade U-Net	86.64 ± 7.75	11.29 ± 12.43	5.62 ± 3.29	3.18 ± 2.11
U-Net++	88.03 ± 9.4	8.71 ± 11.37	3.52 ± 2.12	2.15 ± 3.61
Dilated U-Net	87.94 ± 11.43	9.27 ± 11.61	3.74 ± 2.33	1.64 ± 2.89
Residual U-Net	85.65 ± 12.87	7.16 ± 14.76	4.22 ± 3.04	6.86 ± 9.40
SegNet	87.26 ± 9.52	9.31 ± 12.85	3.89 ± 2.48	1.31 ± 2.70
ResNet50	88.62 ± 10.42	9.83 ± 11.65	3.62 ± 2.24	1.14 ± 2.39
Attention U-Net (proposed)	89.34 ± 5.31	8.42 ± 10.84	3.22 ± 2.17	1.11 ± 2.27