Table 2.
Association between breast cancer risk and urinary bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, and parabens, in all women and by hormone receptor (HR) status, using nested case-control data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study (1993–2014)
| Analyte (ng/g creatinine) | All (1032 ca/1030 co) | HR positiveb (859 ca/981 co) | HR negativeb (124 ca/ 981co) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | OR (95% CI) | Case | Control | OR (95% CI) | Case | Control | OR (95% CI) | |
| BPA | |||||||||
| ≤ 0.84 | 372 | 350 | 1.00 | 305 | 333 | 1.00 | 47 | 333 | 1.00 |
| 0.84– ≤1.76 | 313 | 344 | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 265 | 331 | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 35 | 331 | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) |
| >1.76 | 347 | 336 | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 289 | 317 | 0.98 (0.78–1.24) | 42 | 317 | 1.00 (0.64–1.59) |
| P trendc | 0.53 | 0.73 | 0.84 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.97 | ||||||||
| Triclosan | |||||||||
| ≤ 5.27 | 397 | 339 | 1.00 | 331 | 320 | 1.00 | 44 | 320 | 1.00 |
| 5.27– ≤20.57 | 297 | 341 | 0.75 (0.60–0.93) | 249 | 327 | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 34 | 327 | 0.79 (0.49–1.27) |
| >20.57 | 338 | 350 | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 279 | 334 | 0.84 (0.67–1.05) | 46 | 334 | 1.06 (0.67–1.68) |
| P trendc | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.93 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.39 | ||||||||
| Methylparaben | |||||||||
| ≤ 28.28 | 379 | 340 | 1.00 | 320 | 324 | 1.00 | 42 | 324 | 1.00 |
| 28.28-≤121.63 | 350 | 339 | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | 282 | 323 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 50 | 323 | 1.14 (0.73–1.79) |
| >121.83 | 303 | 351 | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 257 | 334 | 0.85 (0.67–1.07) | 32 | 334 | 0.69 (0.41–1.14) |
| P trendc | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.25 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.65 | ||||||||
| Propylparaben | |||||||||
| ≤ 9.27 | 373 | 339 | 1.00 | 313 | 325 | 1.00 | 42 | 325 | 1.00 |
| 9.27– ≤38.89 | 350 | 341 | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 285 | 321 | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 45 | 321 | 1.07 (0.68–1.68) |
| >38.89 | 309 | 350 | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 261 | 335 | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 37 | 335 | 0.83 (0.51–1.35) |
| P trendc | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.55 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.94 | ||||||||
| Ethylparaben | |||||||||
| ≤ 0.65 | 383 | 340 | 1.00 | 311 | 323 | 1.00 | 46 | 323 | 1.00 |
| 0.65– ≤4.85 | 324 | 340 | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 271 | 329 | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) | 43 | 329 | 0.92 (0.59–1.44) |
| >4.85 | 325 | 350 | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 277 | 329 | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 35 | 329 | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) |
| P trendc | 0.19 | 0.41 | 0.29 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.56 | ||||||||
| Butylparaben | |||||||||
| ≤ 0.03 | 378 | 341 | 1.00 | 314 | 323 | 1.00 | 42 | 323 | 1.00 |
| 0.03– ≤0.974 | 328 | 337 | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 271 | 322 | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 41 | 322 | 0.99 (0.63–1.58) |
| >0.974 | 326 | 352 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 274 | 336 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 41 | 336 | 0.97 (0.60–1.55) |
| P trendc | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.89 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.68 | ||||||||
| Benzlparaben | |||||||||
| ≤ 0.001 | 135 | 151 | 1.00 | 110 | 140 | 1.00 | 12 | 140 | 1.00 |
| 0.001– ≤0.003 | 581 | 540 | 1.26 (0.96–1.66) | 482 | 512 | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 70 | 512 | 1.74 (0.90–3.34) |
| >0.003 | 316 | 339 | 1.09 (0.79–1.49) | 267 | 329 | 1.05 (0.77–1.43) | 42 | 329 | 1.68 (0.83–3.38) |
| P trendc | 0.64 | 0.92 | 0.19 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.26 | ||||||||
| Total Parabens | |||||||||
| ≤ 49.26 | 395 | 339 | 1.00 | 339 | 322 | 1.00 | 38 | 322 | 1.00 |
| 49.26–201.53 | 338 | 340 | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) | 265 | 325 | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) | 56 | 325 | 1.42 (0.91–2.23) |
| >201.53 | 299 | 351 | 0.77 (0.62–0.97) | 255 | 334 | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) | 30 | 334 | 0.73 (0.43–1.24) |
| P trendc | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.48 | ||||||
| P Hetd | 0.75 | ||||||||
Conditional logistic regression with the matched sets as strata and adjusted for education, number of children, age at menarche, menopausal status at urine collection, BMI at urine collection, neighborhood socioeconomic status at urine collection, smoking at urine collection, alcohol intake, and Mediterranean energy adjusted total score. Missing categories of covariates were included in the analyses
Unconditional logistic regression analyses were conducted. There were 49 missing HR status (35 in situ, 6 stage I, 1 stage II, 1 stage III, 6 missing stage); their corresponding subjects were excluded.
P trend (log analyte) df=1
P heterogeneity (HR+ vs HR-)