Table 2.
Self-reported cybersickness symptoms by racial group.
| Scale | Racial group | Severity rating of cybersickness symptoms for each item, mean (SD) | Composite cybersickness, mean (SD) | ||||||
|
|
|
Headache | Eyestrain | Blurred vision | Dizzy (eyes open) | Dizzy (eyes closed) | Nausea |
|
|
| Study 1 (0=none, 1=slight, 2=moderate, 3=severe)a | |||||||||
|
|
White | 0.15 (0.44) | N/Ab | 0.48 (0.61) | 0.39 (0.63) | 0.09 (0.33) | 0.13 (0.37) | 1.23 (1.68) | |
|
|
Black | 0.04 (0.20) | N/A | 0.34 (0.60) | 0.13 (0.45) | 0.11 (0.38) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.57 (1.13) | |
|
|
Asian | 0.22 (0.42) | N/A | 0.26 (0.45) | 0.26 (0.45) | 0.07 (0.27) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.85 (1.10) | |
|
|
Total | 0.13 (0.39) | N/A | 0.40 (0.58) | 0.29 (0.57) | 0.09 (0.33) | 0.07 (0.29) | 0.98 (1.49) | |
| Study 2 (0=none, 1=slight, 2=moderate, 3=severe)a | |||||||||
|
|
White | 0.18 (0.43) | N/A | 0.44 (0.63) | 0.33 (0.56) | 0.19 (0.46) | 0.09 (0.30) | 1.23 (1.37) | |
|
|
Black | 0.11 (0.32) | N/A | 0.29 (0.48) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.69 (0.94) | |
|
|
Total | 0.15 (0.39) | N/A | 0.38 (0.58) | 0.27 (0.50) | 0.13 (0.38) | 0.08 (0.28) | 1.01 (1.23) | |
| Study 3 (0=none, 1=slight, 2=moderate, 3=severe)a | |||||||||
|
|
White | 0.12 (0.36) | N/A | 0.40 (0.57) | 0.36 (0.59) | 0.12 (0.43) | 0.14 (0.40) | 1.14 (1.68) | |
|
|
Black | 0.06 (0.24) | N/A | 0.38 (0.55) | 0.38 (0.55) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.17) | 0.86 (1.05) | |
|
|
Asian | 0.27 (0.54) | N/A | 0.38 (0.61) | 0.42 (0.68) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.21 (0.46) | 1.42 (2.03) | |
|
|
Total | 0.15 (0.40) | N/A | 0.39 (0.57) | 0.38 (0.61) | 0.10 (0.37) | 0.14 (0.39) | 1.16 (1.69) | |
| Study 4 (0=none, 1=slight, 2=moderate, 3=severe)a | |||||||||
|
|
White | 0.12 (0.41) | N/A | 1.00 (0.78) | 0.12 (0.41) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 1.19 (1.19) | |
|
|
Black | 0.00 (0.00) | N/A | 0.81 (0.91) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.73 (0.88) | |
|
|
Asian | 0.08 (0.28) | N/A | 0.56 (0.65) | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.78 (0.90) | |
|
|
Total | 0.08 (0.32) | N/A | 0.81 (0.78) | 0.08 (0.32) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.96 (1.05) | |
| Study 5 (1=not at all, 4=severe)c | |||||||||
|
|
White | 1.10 (0.31) | 1.56 (0.66) | 1.44 (0.56) | 1.08 (0.27) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.01 (0.11) | 7.19 (1.27) | |
|
|
Black | 1.03 (0.18) | 1.33 (0.50) | 1.36 (0.55) | 1.03 (0.18) | 1.03 (0.18) | 1.00 (0.00) | 6.81 (1.05) | |
|
|
Total | 1.07 (0.25) | 1.45 (0.59) | 1.40 (0.56) | 1.06 (0.23) | 1.02 (0.13) | 1.01 (0.08) | 7.01 (1.18) | |
| Study 6 (1=not at all, 4=severe)c | |||||||||
|
|
White | 1.14 (0.39) | 1.36 (0.58) | 1.32 (0.54) | 1.03 (0.18) | 1.03 (0.18) | 1.02 (0.13) | 6.91 (1.39) | |
|
|
Black | 1.13 (0.51) | 1.24 (0.49) | 1.24 (0.49) | 1.06 (0.28) | 1.04 (0.19) | 1.05 (0.25) | 6.75 (1.56) | |
|
|
Total | 1.13 (0.47) | 1.28 (0.52) | 1.27 (0.51) | 1.05 (0.25) | 1.04 (0.19) | 1.04 (0.22) | 6.81 (1.50) | |
aScale minimum: 0; scale maximum: 15.
bN/A: not applicable.
cScale minimum: 6; scale maximum: 24.