Table 3.
Participants and wearable inertial sensor specifications.
| References | Participants (male/female) | Age (years) | Participant characteristics | Running speed | Number of sensors | Sensor placement | Sensor brand | Sampling frequency | Accelerometer | Gyroscope | Magnetometer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stetter et al. (2020) | 13 (13/0) | 26.1 ± 2.9 | Healthy subjects | Moderate running, fast running (speed not mentioned) | 2 | Right thigh and shank | Custom-built IMUs | 1,500 Hz | Tri-axis; range: ±8 g | Tri-axis; range: ±2,000/s | / |
| Stetter et al. (2019) | 13 (13/0) | 26.1 ± 2.9 | Healthy subjects | Moderate running, fast running (speed not mentioned) | 2 | Right thigh and shank | Custom-built IMUs | 1500 Hz | Tri-axis; range: ±8 g | Tri-axis; range: ±2,000/s | / |
| Hernandez et al. (2021) | 27 (27/0) | 26.5 ± 3.9 | Healthy subjects | 8–14 km/h | 5 | Pelvis, left and right thigh and tibias | PUSH Pro system | 100 Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | / |
| Gholami et al. (2020) | 10 (10/0) | 27.0 ± 4.0 | Healthy subjects | 8–12 km/h | 1 | On the shoes (dorsum) | Xsens (MTw Awinda) | 100 Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | Tri-axis |
| Wouda et al. (2018) | 8 (8/0) | 25.1 ± 5.2 | Experienced runners | 10,12, 14 km/h | 3 | Pelvis and lower legs | Xsens | 240 Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | Tri-axis |
| Derie et al. (2020) | 93 (55/38) | 35.3 ± 0.9 | Recreational and competitive rear foot runners | 2.55, 3.2, 5.1 m/s and preferred running speed | 2 | Left and right tibias | LIS331, Sparfkun | 1,000 Hz | Tri-axis | / | / |
| Liu et al. (2020) | 30 (16/14) | 31.6 ± 3.2 | Competitive, recreational and novice runners | 7–17 km/h | 2 | Left and right distal tibias | MyoMOTION (Noraxon) | 200 Hz | Tri-axis; range: ±16 g | Tri-axis; range: ±2,000/s | Tri-axis; range: ±1.9 Gauss |
| Rapp et al. (2021) | 580 (292/288) | NR | Healthy participants and subjects with running-related lower limb injuries | Self-selected speeds | / | Sacrum, left and right thighs, left and right shanks, and left and right feet | Virtual IMUs | / | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | / |
| Ngoh et al. (2018) | 7 (7/0) | 21.3 ± 0.5 | Healthy subjects | 8–10 km/h | 1 | Right running shoe (above the third metatarsal) | Opal inertial sensor (APDM Inc.) | NR | Tri-axis; range: ±6 g | Tri-axis; range: ±2,000/s | Tri-axis; range: ±6 Gauss |
| Young et al. (2020) | 203 (91/112) | NR | Healthy subjects | 8 km/h | 2 | Left and right foot | MYMO | 60 Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | / |
| Robberechts et al. (2021) | 93 (55/38) | 35.3 ± 0.9 | Rearfoot runners | 2.55, 3.2, 5.1 m/s and preferred running speed | 2 | Left and right shins | LIS331, Sparkfun | 1,000 Hz | Tri-axis | / | / |
| Zrenner et al. (2018) | 27 (21/6) | 24.9 ± 2.4 | Amateur runners (forefoot/midfoot runners: 6, rearfoot runners: 21) | 2–6 m/s | 2 | Left and right shoes midsole | miPod | 200 Hz | range: ±16 g | Range: ±2,000/s | / |
| Komaris et al. (2019) | 28 (27/1) | 34.8 ± 6.6 | Competitive or elite runners | 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 m/s | / | Left and right shank | Virtual accelerometer | / | Tri-axis | / | / |
| Tan et al. (2019) | 20 (12/8) | 33.4 ± 7.0 | Healthy subjects | Running speed not mentioned (including indoor run, treadmill run, outdoor run) | 2 | Left and right ankle | Shimmer3 | 128 Hz | Tri-axis; range: ±8 g | / | / |
| Watari et al. (2018a) | 41 (29/12) | 30.8 ± 3.2 | Runners with patellofemoral pain | 2.7 m/s | / | Pelvic | Virtual accelerometer | / | Tri-axis | / | / |
| Watari et al. (2018b) | 110 (44/66) | 34.1 ± 2.9 | Runners with patellofemoral pain | 2.61 ± 0.2 m/s | / | Pelvic | Virtual accelerometer | / | Tri-axis | / | / |
| Ahamed et al. (2019) | 11 (10/1) | 37.3 ± 11.7 | Recreational runners | 2.35 ± 0.1 m/s | 1 | Pelvic | Lumo Run | 100 Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | Tri-axis |
| Ahamed et al. (2018) | 6 (5/1) | 38.3 ± 13.1 | Recreational runners | 2.18–2.54 m/s | 1 | Pelvic | Lumo Run | 100 Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | Tri-axis |
| Clermont et al. (2019a) | 27 (12/15) | 45.7 ± 6.7 | Marathon runners | 8.56–9.55 km/h | 1 | Pelvic | Lumo Run | 100Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | Tri-axis |
| Dixon et al. (2019) | 29 (15/14) | 23.3 ± 3.6 | Untrained subjects (n = 10), recreational (n = 9), and well-trained (n = 10) runners | NR | 1 | Right tibia | X50-2, Gulf coast data concepts | 1,024 Hz | Tri-axis; range: ±50 g | / | / |
| Johnson et al. (2021) | Training dataset: NR (male: 59.9%, female: 40.1%); test dataset: 5 (4/1) | NR | Training dataset: young adult athletes, test dataset: team-sport athletes | Slow speed running (2–3 m/s), moderate speed running (4–5 m/s), and fast speed running (>6 m/s) | 5 | Pelvis, bilateral thigh, bilateral shank | Noraxon DTS-3D 518 (test dataset only) | NR | Tri-axis | / | / |
| Tan et al. (2020) | 15 (8/7) | 23.9 ± 1.1 | Recreational runners | 2.4 and 2.8 m/s | 1 | Left shank | MTi-300, Xsens | 200 Hz | Tri-axis | Tri-axis | NR |
| Koska and Maiwald (2020) | 22 (10/12) | 29 ± 5.9 | Recreational runners | 10.7 ± 0.7 km/h | 1 | Heel cup of the left running shoe | InvenSense ICM-20601 | 2,000 Hz | Tri-axis; range: ±32 g | Tri-axis; range: ± 4,000/s | / |
| Matijevich et al. (2020) | 10 (5/5) | 24 ± 2.5 | Recreational runners | 2.6–4.0 m/s | 2 | Shank and foot | Virtual IMUs | / | NR | / | / |
NR, not reported in the study; IMUs, inertial measurement units.