. 2022 Jun 2;9:913297. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.913297

Table 4.

Changes in the volatile oxidation products of PO at different heating temperatures.

Compounds		Concentration (internal standard area %)
		Unheated	100°C	120°C	150°C	180°C	200°C
PO	2-Butenal	ND	3.46 ± 2.14^a	3.76 ± 1.03^a	8.00 ± 0.15^a	27.41 ± 1.22^b	79.73 ± 13.11^c
	Pentanal	ND	3.03 ± 1.18^a	12.44 ± 3.13^a	33.87 ± 0.78^a	154.62 ± 22.22^b	256.11 ± 45.18^c
	2-Pentenal	ND	2.91 ± 0.18^a	3.01 ± 0.03^a	8.62 ± 0.04^a	41.41 ± 4.24^b	47.14 ± 5.96^b
	Hexanal	162.99 ± 13.87^a	345.59 ± 5.95^b	171.99 ± 37.68^a	182.55 ± 13.22^a	695.76 ± 0.16^c	732.63 ± 93.20^c
	2-Hexenal	ND	5.06 ± 0.42^a	8.98 ± 3.50^ab	14.83 ± 1.42^b	71.12 ± 2.53^c	98.36 ± 6.43^d
	Heptanal	22.10 ± 1.05^a	55.62 ± 1.16^a	22.45 ± 2.96^a	21.73 ± 1.90^a	129.80 ± 21.31^b	287.84 ± 47.40^c
	2-Heptenal	11.99 ± 0.17^a	107.71 ± 7.27^b	102.69 ± 21.65^b	126.34 ± 5.33^b	756.86 ± 95.90^c	801.38 ± 21.64^c
	2,4-Heptadienal, (E,Z)	ND	27.57 ± 1.43^a	30.22 ± 11.14^a	103.84 ± 13.29^b	253.16 ± 51.76^c	215.00 ± 21.72^c
	Octanal	18.17 ± 1.26^a	53.96 ± 4.51^ab	26.10 ± 8.72^a	25.53 ± 2.55^a	115.00 ± 12.51^b	477.36 ± 66.91^c
	2,4-Heptadienal, (E,E)	2.43 ± 0.61^a	15.58 ± 3.01^a	19.46 ± 2.26^a	115.41 ± 8.60^b	223.90 ± 43.15^c	487.31 ± 19.37^d
	2-Octenal	ND	32.30 ± 0.52^a	39.14 ± 8.00^a	62.80 ± 4.65^a	200.34 ± 34.27^b	401.07 ± 9.19^c
	Nonanal	18.55 ± 1.28^a	81.21 ± 4.04^a	83.13 ± 27.83^a	217.97 ± 10.45^a	1495.71 ± 153.94^b	2315.11 ± 180.01^c
	2-Decenal	ND	13.34 ± 0.89^a	18.46 ± 1.32^a	101.7 ± 14.16^a	118.31 ± 8.61^a	1992.83 ± 474.26^b
	2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)	ND	4.5 ± 0.56^a	31.90 ± 5.03^a	783.2 ± 114.53^b	903.66 ± 78.64^b	2160.22 ± 351.97^c
	2,4-Decadienal, (E,E)	3.16 ± 1.42^a	8.84 ± 1.91^a	47.15 ± 0.01^a	1611.37 ± 232.95^b	2034.05 ± 121.03^b	5014.11 ± 868.53^c
	2-Undecenal	ND	2.95 ± 0.08^a	15.46 ± 0.42^a	43.7 ± 7.75^a	107.99 ± 4.76^a	1393.54 ± 473.91^b

PO, palm oil. Data are mean value of triplicate with SD. Different lowercase denotes significant difference (p < 0.05) in the same row.