Table 2.

Leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and IGF-1 hormones levels in breast milk of mothers with normal weight and obesity

(Mean values and standard deviations)

	Normal weight (n 20)				Obese (n 20)
	Pre-feed breast milk (Min–Max)		Post-feed breast milk (Min–Max)		Pre-feed breast milk (Min–Max)		Post-feed breast milk (Min–Max)
Hormones	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	P 1	P 2	P 3	P 4
Leptin (ng/ml)	0·13	0·08	0·13	0·19	0·16	0·10	0·09	0·06	0·655	0·637	0·302	0·162
Ghrelin (pg/ml)	191·75	79·26	35·26	35·79	253·98	94·12	61·27	54·49	0·025*	0·339	0·006**	0·000***
Adiponectin (ng/ml)	11·49	1·74	13·95	0·25	10·93	2·12	12·84	2·33	0·168	0·010*	0·000***	0·000***
IGF-1 (ng/ml)	0·24	0·07	0·21	0·11	0·29	0·11	0·20	0·07	0·056	0·756	0·030*	0·002**

IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; P ¹, difference between mothers with normal weight and obesity in pre-feed breast milk; P ², difference between mothers with normal weight and obesity in post-feed breast milk; P ³, difference between pre-feed and post-feed breast milk in mothers with normal weight; P ⁴, difference between pre-feed and post-feed breast milk in mothers with obesity.

^* P < 0·05.

^** P < 0·01.

^*** P < 0·001.