Table 2:
Key Findings of Mouse Studies Evaluating Chromosomal and/or Gonadal Sex in CVD
| Mechanisms of Disease | Mouse Models (treatment) | Gonadal Status | Sex Factors Contributing to Disease Increase | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma lipid levels | C57BL/6 FCG (chow & atherogenic diets) | GDX | Elevated cholesterol levels: Two X chromosomes Ovarian hormones Elevated triglyceride levels: Testicular hormones Sex chromosome complement |
67 |
|
Ldlr−/−; FCG (western diet) |
Intact & GDX | 64 | ||
| Apoe−/−; FCG | GDX | 64 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | C57BL/6 FCG (atherogenic diet) | GDX | Two X chromosomes Ovarian hormones |
64 |
| Ldlr−/−; FCG (western diet) | Intact & GDX | 64 | ||
| Apoe−/−; FCG | GDX | 64 | ||
| Aneurysms & Aortic Dissections | Apoe−/− (angiotensin II) | Intact & GDX | Testicular hormones Single X chromosome |
72 |
| Apoe−/− (testosterone ± angiotension II) | Intact | 73 | ||
| Ldlr−/− (testosterone ± angiotension II) | Intact | 73 | ||
| C57BL/6 FCG (angiotensin II) | Intact & GDX | 65 | ||
| C57BL/6 XY* (angiotension II) | Intact | 74 | ||
| Ldlr−/−; XY* (angiotension II) | Intact & GDX | 74 | ||
| Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | C57BL/6 FCG (I/R injury) | GDX | Two X chromosomes | 66 |
| C57BL/6 XY* (I/R injury) | GDX | 66 | ||
| Adiposity | C57BL/6 FCG (chow & high-fat diet) | GDX | Two X chromosome Higher Kdm5c gene dosage |
62 |
| C57BL/6 XY* | GDX | 62 | ||
| C57BL/6 FCG (chow & high-fat diet) | Intact | 63 | ||
| Kdm5c+/− (chow & high-fat diet) | Intact | 63 | ||
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension | C57BL/6 FCG (hypoxia) | GDX | Absence of Y chromosome | 75 |
| C57BL/6 XY* (hypoxia) | GDX | 75 |