Table 6.
Pregnancy outcomes in relation to GWG according to IOM recommendations based on the ASIA BMI classification
| Variables2 | IOM weight gain recommendation1 | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate | Excessive | |||
| Numbers in each category (%) | 53.3 | 12.3 | ||
| Birth weight, g | MD (95% CI) |
-187.3 (-364.3–10.31) |
208.4 (-60.34–477.1) |
0.001 |
| Birth length, g | MD (95% CI) |
-0.65 (-1.7–0.4) |
0.58 (-1.02–2.19) |
0.103 |
| Head circumference, cm | MD (95% CI) |
-1.01 (-1.93- -0.09) |
-0.25 (-1.65–1.14) |
0.029 |
| GA at delivery, weeks | MD (95% CI) |
-0.17 (-0.88–0.54) |
-0.15 (-1.23–0.92) |
0.849 |
| Number of ANC visits | MD (95% CI) |
-0.74 (-1.85–0.36) |
0.19 (-1.53–1.91) |
0.183 |
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery | OR (95% CI) |
1.82 (0.91–3.65) |
1.86 (0.71–4.92) |
0.177 |
| Caesarean section | OR (95% CI) |
0.55 (0.27–1.10) |
0.54 (0.20–1.42) |
0.177 |
| LBW < 2.50 kg | OR (95% CI) |
9.6 (0.88–105.2) |
1.98 (1.987–1.989) |
0.002 |
| Macrosomia > 4.0 kg | OR (95% CI) |
10.13 (1.19–86.16) |
27.11 (2.99–245.14) |
0.001 |
| SGA | OR (95% CI) |
0.56 (0.14–2.20) |
1.26 (0) |
0.1563 |
1Reference group: Adequate GWG status with 34.4% of participants
2Continous variables were analysed with linear regression; categorical variables were analysed with logistic regression
Adjusted for women’s education, geographical status, maternal age and parity
GA Gestational age, BMI Body mass index, n Number, GWG Gestational weight gain, MD Mean difference, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, Lbw Low birth weight, SGA Small for gestational age