(A) HEK293 cells were transfected with PACT expression plasmid for 24 h followed by poly(I:C) induction (1 μg/ml). Total lysate was resolved on nondenaturing native PAGE (upper panel) to visualize endogenous MDA5 oligomerization or denaturing SDS-PAGE (lower panel) to confirm protein expression. HEK293 cells carrying a stably expressed IFN-β–luc were transfected with expression plasmids for PACT and MDA5-WT, its monomer-interface mutant (MDA5-570/572 or MDA5-841/842) (B), or its constitutively active mutant (MDA5-S88A or MDA5-R337G) (C). Error bars indicate SD (n = 3). *p, 0.01, MDA5 mutant versus MDA5-WT, Student t test.