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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 16.
Published in final edited form as: J Orthop Res. 2019 Apr 3;37(7):1475–1488. doi: 10.1002/jor.24292

Figure 2:

Figure 2:

Proposed mechanisms of musculoskeletal aging. Chronic inflammation and catabolic pathway activation, cumulative cellular damage, decreased repair/regeneration, telomere shortening, epigenetic modifications and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common pathways amongst many tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Age-associated fiber loss is unique to muscle aging, while crosslinking affects primarily tendons and cartilage.