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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2022 Mar 12;70:16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.03.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Flow chart of the bias patterns.

aThe precise meaning of the word trend in Conditions 4.1 and 4.2 depends on the scale. Please refer to the notation in Table 2 for further precision.