Table 3.
Fetal exposure to cannabisa and childhood adiposity in Healthy Start, n = 103
| Adjusted means and beta coefficients | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis categories | n | Fat mass (kg) | Fat-free mass (kg) | Adiposity (% fat mass) | BMI (kg/m2) | BMI z-score |
| Model 1, n = 103b | ||||||
| Not exposed | 88 | 3.5 (3.2-3.7) | 14.2 (13.8-14.6) | 19.2 (18.0-20.5) | 15.7 (15.2-16.3) | 0.0 (-0.3 to 0.2) |
| Exposed | 15 | 0.7 (0.2-1.2); P = 0.01 | 1.1 (0.3-1.9); P < 0.01 | 1.9 (-0.6 to 4.4); P = 0.13 | -0.3 (-1.8 to 1.2); P = 0.65 | 0.1 (-0.5 to 0.7); P = 0.77 |
| Model 2, n = 90c | ||||||
| Not exposed | 78 | 3.4 (3.2-3.7) | 14.1 (13.7-14.6) | 19.3 (18.0-20.6) | 15.7 (15.2-16.4) | -0.6 (-0.3 to 0.2) |
| Exposed | 12 | 1.0 (0.3-1.7); P < 0.01 | 1.2 (0.4-2.0); P < 0.01 | 2.6 (0.1-5.2); P = 0.04 | -0.1 (-1.6 to 1.5); P = 0.95 | 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0); P = 0.33 |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; LOD, limit of detection.
a Fetal exposure to cannabis was determined by the detection of 12 cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks’ gestation. The categories of were as follows: exposed (any of the measured cannabinoids exceeded the LOD) and not exposed (all of cannabinoids measured were below the LOD).
b Model 1 adjusted for maternal age (years), household income (≥$70,000, <$70,000, or missing/declined to answer), maternal race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic other, and non-Hispanic White), fetal exposure to tobacco (maternal urinary cotinine at ~27 weeks’ gestation < LOD, ≥LOD), prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2), gestational weight gain (kg), offspring sex, gestational age at birth (weeks), birthweight (g), and child age at follow-up visit (years).
c Model 2 adjusted for model 1 covariates, as well as the duration of exclusive breastfeeding (breast milk-months) and childhood exposure to secondhand smoke (urinary cotinine < LOD, ≥LOD).