Fig. 3.

Syndromes caused by mutations in genes encoding FGFs, FGFRs and their downstream effectors have distinct dental characteristics. Diagram of the FGF signalling pathway with dashed lines connecting syndromes to the protein encoded by the causative gene. Although these syndromes are caused by mutations in the same pathway, they have distinct dental characteristics, described in the text. (LADD, Lacrimo-auriculodento-digital; LAMM, Autosomal recessive congenital deafness with labyrinthine aplasia, microtia, and microdontia; CFC, Cardio-facio-cutaneous; CS, Costello; TS, Tuberous sclerosis)