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. 2022 Jan 19;260(7):2261–2270. doi: 10.1007/s00417-021-05520-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Example of prominent failure (outlier case). The figure illustrates a case of prominent failure defined as an outlier. The left panel (A) shows the manual (green dot) and detected (blue dot) foveal location on the GCL-IPL thickness map (1.07 mm error). Manual foveal annotation on the SD-OCT standard b-scan (B, above) and the corresponding layer segmentation (B, below). Detected foveal annotation (C, above) and the corresponding layer segmentation (C, below). Significant degeneration of all retinal layers, including GCL-IPL layers, resulted in distorted en face projection, which no longer matched the Gaussian profile. This resulted in inaccurate detection. [GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; SD-OCT, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography]