Table 2.
Overview of participant characteristics and Odds Ratios from the univariate analysis for the probability of ESBL carriage
| Characteristics of participants | Frequency | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | ESBL carriers | Non-ESBL carriers | ||
| Exposure group in slaughter process (n = 328) | ||||
| ‘Higher exposure’ group | 95 | 10 | 85 | 4·45 (1·57–12·62) |
| ‘Lower exposure’ group | 233 | 6 | 227 | Ref. |
| Age (mean) (n = 328) | 39·8 | 38·1 (n = 16) | 39·9 (n = 312) | 0·99 (0·94–1·03)* |
| Gender (n = 324) | ||||
| Male | 276 | 14 | 262 | 2·51 (0·32–19·54) |
| Female | 48 | 1 | 47 | Ref. |
| Nationality (n = 305) | ||||
| Non-Dutch† | 245 | 12 | 233 | 0·98 (0·27–3·58) |
| Dutch | 60 | 3 | 57 | Ref. |
| Consumption of raw meat (n = 294) | ||||
| Yes | 106 | 4 | 102 | 0·70 (0·21–2·28) |
| No | 188 | 10 | 178 | Ref. |
| Hospitalization in the past 12 months (n = 295) | ||||
| Yes | 32 | 2 | 30 | 1·28 (0·28–5·96) |
| No | 263 | 13 | 250 | Ref. |
| Use of antimicrobials in the past 12 months (n = 323) | ||||
| Yes | 48 | 3 | 45 | 1·34 (0·37–4·90) |
| No | 275 | 13 | 262 | Ref. |
| Living on a farm (n = 297) | ||||
| Yes | 17 | 0 | 17 | NE |
| No | 280 | 13 | 267 | |
| Travelling in the past 12 months (n = 311) | ||||
| Yes | 216 | 7 | 209 | 0·36 (0·13–1·04) |
| No | 95 | 8 | 87 | Ref. |
| Smoking (n = 321) | ||||
| Yes | 140 | 3 | 137 | 0·31 (0·09–1·12) |
| No | 181 | 12 | 169 | Ref. |
Ref., Reference category; NE, Not estimated due to empty cells.
*
Per 1 year increase.
†
Not from the Netherlands: Cape Verdean (n = 1), Ghanese (n = 1), Hungarian (n = 46), Latvian (n = 3), Polish (n = 119), Portugese (n = 12), Romanian (n = 41), Slovakian (n = 20), Turkish (n = 2).